122 THE SCIENTIFIC FEEDING OF ANIMALS 



in ripe seed to the extent of mere traces at the most, but are present in 

 much larger quantities in unripe milky seed and seed capsules and may- 

 gain entrance into the by-products through the medium of these. For 

 these reasons the feeding of poppy seed by-products is usually avoided 

 in the case of horses, young stock, pregnant cows or cows suckling their 

 young, and confined to fattening cattle, sheep and swine. Milk cows 

 take 2 pounds, but only under the condition that the milk product is not 

 sold as food for children or infants. The use of poppy seed by-products 

 is frequently condemned for its effects on the milk (fat, taste, color, etc.). 



Hempseed cake. — Origin : By-product of the seed of hemp, Cannabis 

 sativa. It contains on the average 30 per cent of crude protein, of which 

 22.5 per cent is digestible albumen, and 10 per cent of fat. Its starch 

 value is 45 per cent. It is frequently contaminated with stems, leaves 

 and particles of earth. Feeding this material has been followed by 

 narcotic efifects, congestion of the brain, diarrhea and abortion. The 

 feeding of very moldy cake has been known to cause derangements of 

 the central nervous system (difficulties of mastication and deglutition, 

 paralysis of the tongue, paraplegia and even death). Postmortem find- 

 ings, negative. Hemp cake is much used in the eastern provinces of 

 Prussia as horse and cattle feed, especially for adult male animals. 

 Work horses receive up to 3 pounds, fattening cattle 3 to 5 pounds, 

 fattening sheep 1 pound, milk cows 1 pound. When it is fed in large 

 quantities the quality of the butter suffers. 



Soy-bean cake. Origin: Soy-bean, Soja hispida. It is characterized 

 by its exceptionally rich portein content (45 per cent crude protein, of 

 which 38 per cent is digestible albumen) and high digestive coefificient. 

 Milk cows may be given 3 pounds, fattening cattle and working oxen 4 

 pounds, horses 3 pounds, fattening sheep and stock hogs 1 pound, and 

 smaller quantities for young stock. 



Beechnut cake. — Origin: Beech, Fagus sylvatica. Like beechnuts, this 

 product is very liable to cause poisoning in horses (see page 97). For 

 this reason it is avoided as a feed for horses. 



Madia cake. — Origin: Madia sativa, an American Compositae. It is 

 liable to contain narcotic substances and is therefore used only as feed 

 for fattening cattle, in moderation. 



Camelina cake. — Origin : Camelina sativa, false flax, a member of the 

 Cruciferre. This product is frequently contaminated with rape and mus- 

 tard seed. It is not very palatable and has an onion-like or mustard- 

 like odor, which afifects the taste of the milk and meat of animals feed- 

 ing upon it. Camelina cake is also reputed to cause abortion. 



Candle-nut cake. — ^Origin: Aleurites triloba, a euphorbiaceous shrub, 

 native of some of the Pacific Islands. The oil has many uses. It is 

 said also to have a laxative action. 



Castor oil bean cake. — Origin : Ricinus communis, castor oil bean plant, 

 Euphorbiacese. The toxic principle in this cake is destroyed by sub- 



