126 THE SCIENTIFIC FEEDING OF ANIMALS 



cessive amounts cause diarrhea in young pigs. It is less frequently used 

 as calf feed (0.6 kg., 1^ lbs.). Cattle may have 2 pounds per day and 

 horses one-half pounds. The latter do not eat it as well as other ani- 

 mals. This dislike may be overcome, however, by beginning with very 

 small quantities and mixing the feed containing it with other substances 

 to mask the taste. Dammann recommends meat meal as a tonic food for 

 anemic sheep. American meat meal is deficient in lime and phosphates. 

 For young animals this deficiency should be corrected by the addition of 

 the missing salts. 



Meat meals are also valuable as poultry feed. 



German cadaver meal is richer in mineral matter or salts than Ameri- 

 can meat meal, because it contains the bones and the intestinal contents 

 of the cadavers. It also contains considerable amounts of crude fiber 

 and nitrogen-free extract. According to analyses made by the author, it 

 contains, on the average, from 8 to 13 per cent of water, 50 to 60 per cent 

 of crude protein (20 per cent of this being digestible albumen), 13 to 15 

 per cent of fat, 0.1 to 0.5 per cent nitrogen-free extract, 1 to 1.5 per cent 

 crude fiber, and 18 to 19 per cent of mineral matter or ash (5 to 12 per 

 cent of this is phosphate of Hme). The starch value is 70 per cent. 



Exposure for several hours to a temperature of 270° F. will destroy, 

 with certainty, all disease germs in cadavers. Experiments and investiga- 

 tions of Hagemann, Ellenberger and Klimmer, Glage, Haefke, as well 

 as practical experience, have demonstrated that meat meal, even when 

 made from cadavers already in advanced stage of decomposition, agrees 

 with animals. Its practical uses are the same as those of American 

 meat meal, but its digestibility is lower. (The same is true of the cor- 

 responding American product. — Translator.) 



In addition to these valuable meat meals, other meals, of inferior value, 

 the product of cannery refuse, consisting mainly of tendons, cartilage, 

 fasciae, rancid fat, etc., are put on the market. 



The waste material of glove factories (ground leather) is sometimes 

 found on the market under the misleading name of "meat meal." This 

 contains 18 per cent of indigestible protein, 5 per cent of fat, and 55 per 

 cent of leather-like substances. It contains little digestible matter and is 

 worthless as a feeding stufif. 



Tropon wastes, according to Hagemann and Ramm, contain 88.4 per 

 cent of dry matter, consisting of 3.1 per cent ash, 18.3 per cent crude fiber, 

 3.3 per cent crude protein (3.0 per cent digestible albumen), 8.85 per cent 

 fat and 37.75 per cent nitrogen-free extract. They are valuable as a 

 fattening feed for swine. Their feeding value per 100 pounds, with bar- 

 ley feed meal and bran at $5.55 per 100 pounds, is $11.72. 



Fish meals are either by-products of the fish oil industry or they are 

 made from dead or spoiled fish. They are produced either by steaming 

 or cooking the raw material and subsequent drying in vacuum tanks or 

 by exposure to the air. Sometimes the fats are removed from the dried 

 meal with the aid of benzin or bisulphid of carbon. The best material 



