174 THE SCIENTIFIC FEEDING OF ANIMALS 



0.6 to 0.8 pounds digestible albumen and 6.0 pounds of starch value (al- 

 bumen ratio 1:12-14). Small animals expose a relatively larger surface 

 to radiation and consequently require more heat. The starch value just 

 given applies to animals of about 1,200 pounds live weight. Larger ani- 

 mals (1,400 to 1,600 pounds) require slightly less (11.60 and 11.10 re- 

 spectively), and lighter weights (600, 800, 1,000 pounds) require more 

 (15.2, 14.0 and 13.0 pounds) starch value. The albumen ration remains 

 the same. 



The feeding stuffs should consist mainly of roughages; deficiency in 

 albumen should be corrected with oil cake, brewers' grains, etc.; those of 

 the carbohydrates with roots and tubers and their waste products. This 

 also provides the necessary mineral matter. 



According to Kellner the following ration is sufficient: 



1. 12.6 lbs. oat straw, 25.6 lbs. beets, 1.0 lbs. rape cake. 



2. 14.2 lbs. oat straw, 2.6 lbs. clover hay, 0.5 lbs. rape cake. 



3. 13.0 lbs. oat straw, 3.7 lbs. clover hay, 0.6 lbs. rape cake. 



4. 13.3 lbs. rye straw, 3.8 lbs. clover hay, 0.6 lbs. rape cake. 



2. Rations for wool-producing sheep, where slight increase of weight 

 is desired (not strictly a maintenance ration), for 1,000 pounds live 

 weight, according to Kellner, for the coarser breeds, daily 1 pound di- 

 gestible albumen and a starch value of 8.3 pounds. For the finer breeds, 

 1.2 digestible albumen and 9.0 starch value. 



Since wool is produced from the albumens, wool-producing sheep 

 should receive a sufficient supply of this nutrient. However, not all 

 forms of albumen can be converted into wool with equal facility. Among 

 other substances, keratin is required in considerable amount in the for- 

 mation of wool. This occurs very sparingly as a constituent of feeding 

 stuffs. In order to supply the building material for the production of 

 wool in sufficient quantity, Zuntz recommends animal epidermal struc- 

 tures like horns, hoofs, etc., in digestible form. This is of special im- 

 portance when the albumen requirements are supplied in part in the form 

 of salts of ammonia and urea. Zuntz's preparation is put on the market 

 in the form of cakes under the trade name of Ovagsolan. 



The basal feed should consist of hay and varieties of straw. Root 

 crops and tubers should be given as supplemental feeds only, on account 

 of their high water content. Deficiencies in albumen may be corrected 

 with small quantities of oil cake, lupines, dried brewers' grains or simi- 

 lar nitrogenous material. During the recent years of stress in Germany 

 attempts have been made to supply the albumen requirements to the ex- 

 tent of 33 per cent in the form of ammonia preparations. Silage, neu- 

 tralized with ammonia and commercially prepared urea (which is low in 

 cost) may be used for this purpose. Below are given a few mixtures 

 or rations to serve as illustrations. 



