THE LEGHORNS 



105 



well folded while the color should be small feathers stippled 

 as described for back; primaries slaty-brown; secondaries, 

 brown, the outer web finely stippled with a lighter brown; 

 coverts same as back. In speaking of large wings on a 

 Leghorn, it is not meant a large clumsy wing but large for 

 the size of the bird. This breed being unusually sprightly 

 and quick it is natural that this section should be more 

 developed than on some of the heavier breeds. When in 

 repose the wings should be nicely folded against the sides. 

 If they fail to fold as they should and have a droopy ap- 

 pearance they should be cut from one-half to one. If the 

 feathers are broken or missing, cut one and one-half point 

 each. Remember that white in wings disqualifies and it 

 is for this reason that broken or missing flight feathers 

 are cut so hard. In color the most common defect is the 

 brick color running down on shoulders and sometimes 

 down onto the center of wing; where found this defect 

 should be cut from one-half to two points as in degree. If 

 any black or smutty edging is discovered, cut from one- 

 half to one and one-half. 



Tail 

 The valuation of this section has been increased two 

 points and is now valued at ten points, six for shape and 

 four for color. In shape it should be carried at an angle 

 of forty degrees, long, full and well spread. Remember 

 what we said about a well-spread tail and there being 

 seven main-tail feathers on each side. If tail is carried 

 too high, cut from one-half to one and one-half as in de- 

 . gree. Broken or missing main-tail feathers should be 

 cut one point each. A pinched or "Gamey" tail should be 

 cut one-half to one and one-half. In color the tail should 

 be black except the two top feathers which are stippled 

 with light brown while the coverts are same as back. If 

 any brown appears in the main-tail feathers except the 

 two top ones, cut from one-half to one point. If the two 

 top feathers fail to show any penciling, cut from one-half 

 to one. If brown tips are discovered with a sort of gray 

 shading, cut them from one-half to one and one-half. 



Legs and Toes 



This section is valued at six points, three each for 

 shape and color. The thighs are described in color as 

 slate, plentifully tinged with brown; shanks, yellow. 

 Toes, yellow or dusky yellow. If the legs are too long or 

 too short cut from one-half to one as in degree. Shape 

 defects such as knock-knees, etc., have been described. 

 Color cut as described for male apply here. 



White Leghorns 



.Ml requirements and cuts as to shape, combs, wattles, 

 eyes, face, symmetry, shape disqualifications, etc., ex- 

 plained above, are the same as for this variety. We find 

 a few color changes in this variety as follows: Beak 

 must be yellow, instead of horn; ear-lobes must be white 

 instead of "white or creamy white" and legs and toes must 

 be rich yellow instead of yellow. The plumage must be 

 pure white, including quills, web and flufif. "Feathers other 

 than white" and "legs other than yellow, except that red 

 showing down the outside of shanks, back of scales," will 

 disqualify. The most common defects and cuts are ex- 

 plained as follows: Creaminess in any part of the plum- 

 age cut from one-half to one and one-half in each section 

 where found. Brassiness should be cut from one to two 

 in each section where found. Be careful and not confuse . 

 brassiness with creaminess. The latter is generally caused 

 by an excess of oil in the quill which is used up as the 

 feather matures while brassiness is generally found only 



on the surface and if you rai^e the feather that looks 

 brassy you will no doubt lind that the quill is pure white 

 and that the brassiness does not extend below the sur- 

 face. These two defects could not be defined any better. 

 .A. brassy feather has a metallic, brassy look while a 

 creamy feather looks oily or creamy. Faded shanks and 

 toes should be cut from one-half to one and one-half. 

 Broken or missing flight or main-tail feathers should be 

 cut one and one-half points. Ticking, that is small gray 

 spots in plumage should be cut one-half to two in each 

 section where found. .You will generally find it in your 

 whitest specimens. 



BufT Leghorns 

 The same general descriptions and cuts for shape, 

 etc., govern the Bufifs as have been explained under gen- 

 eral headings and also for the Brown variety. There are 

 no plumage disqualifications for this variety. The same 

 ear-lobe disqualifications as appleid heretofore apply hare 

 and the same shank disqualifications as apply to the 

 Whites, apply here. 



The legs and toes are now described as a "rich yel- 

 low," instead of "yellow." The plumage color is described 

 as being a rich, golden buff. We all know that there are 

 several dififerent shades of gold but the general under- 

 standing is that cinijamon is the extreme dark shade and 

 lemon the extreme light shade and a happy medium is de- 

 sired. There is not so much flemand for a certain shade 

 as there is that the specimen be of an even color through- 

 out. While most breeders prefer black to white, if they 

 must have one or the other, both are equally objectionable 

 according to the Standard and must be punished accord- 

 ingly. Some of the common defects found and cuts for 

 same are as follows: Light colored shafting should be cut 

 from one-half to one and one-half in each section where 

 found, as in degree. Mealiness, generally caused by a mix- 

 ture of a light and a dark strain, should be cut from one- 

 half to one and one-half in any section where found. 

 Black or white should be cut from one-half to the color 

 limit in whatever section it is detected. All things being 

 equal the specimen with the richest under-color should 



Black Leghorns 



We are pleased to note that this variety is gaining in 

 popularity. The same general shape requirements, shape 

 disqualifications, combs, wattles, ear-lobes, etc., and cuts 

 for shape apply here as explained in the preceding pages. 

 Feathers other than black and shanks other than yellow 

 or yellowish-black will disqualify. The beak should be 

 "black shaded with yellow" and when found too light in 

 color should be cut one-half point. The plumage should 

 be a rich, glossy, greenish-black throughout. The most 

 common defect is purple bars vvhich should be cut from 

 one-half to two wherever found. A good thing for the 

 black breeders to rememeber is that by mating male and 

 females that have exceptionally black under-color, the 

 tendency is to breed the purple bars. Remember that 

 feathers other' than black will disqualify. Look out for 

 the large coarse combs as we do not want Minorca combs 

 on a Leghorn; the same can be said of the shape through- 

 out. 



Silver Duckwing Leghorns 



Same general description and shape disqualifications 

 as given in the preceding pages apply here. There are no 

 special color disqualifications on this variety. Eye color 

 is the same "reddish bay" as for the others. The ear-lobes 

 of the male should be white but the females' lobe may be 



