GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 31 



more correctly it will render the object photo- 

 graphed, but the longer will be the required 

 exposure. 



Any of the better lenses, either anastigmats 

 or the cheaper rapid rectilinear models, com- 

 monly used in hand cameras, will give pictures 

 of fruits at natural size if the camera bellows 

 is long enough. To use a lens having an 

 equivalent focus of 8^ inches, such as one 

 usually finds in a 5x7 camera, a bellows ex- 

 tension of 1 6 to 1 8 inches is required. 



The notion of photographing fruits and 

 flowers has become so popular and common 

 in this country that many useful special de- 

 vices have been developed for the work. The 

 best single idea is that which places the 

 camera in a vertical position, photographing 

 downward upon the specimens, which are 

 posed on a glass staging below. The arrange- 

 ment will be understood better by reference 

 to the accompanying illustrations (Figs. 5 

 and 6), showing two different types of fruit 

 photographing stands. There are many im- 

 portant advantages furnished by these pieces 

 of apparatus advantages which can hardly 

 be understood without experience. This 

 whole subject, however, has so many compli- 



