90 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 



upper part of the bunch, as it hangs on the 

 vine). The stem on which the individual 

 berries grow is not always branched in this 

 way, in which case the branch is not shoul- 

 dered. In rare instances there are two 

 branches or shoulders, and then the shoulder 

 is said to be double. In the ordinary case of 

 the single shoulder it is usually competent to 

 describe it as small, medium, or large. 



The berry, or individual fruit, of the grape 

 is next described, first as to size and next as 

 to form. The form is nearly always round, 

 but is occasionally either oblate or elongated. 



The color of grapes is largely depended on 

 for classification, and the different varieties 

 are usually summarily distinguished as black, 

 red, and white. A little closer examination, 

 however, will show that varieties differ among 

 themselves by much finer gradations of color. 

 The reds are not all alike, and not even the 

 blacks are of the same shade. Colors are 

 notoriously difficult of description, but when- 

 ever these distinctions can be put into words 

 it is well worth while to do so. 



The skin of the berry may be thin or thick, 

 tough or brittle, and in certain cases it has 

 a more or less sour or bitter taste, which 



