332 DETAILED SYNTHESIS. 



and wanning of the air breathed, and should be pre- 

 served in such a condition that the air can pass freely. 

 They open into the front upper part of the pharynx. 



961. THE PHARYNX is an irregular, cylindrical cav- 

 ity, extending from beneath the cranium down back of 

 the nostrils and mouth, and upper part of the windpipe, 

 where it is narrowed into and becomes continuous with 

 the oesophagus leading into the stomach. 



962. THE OPENINGS OF THE PHARYNX are seven : two 

 at its upper central forward part, into the nostrils ; two, 

 one on each side, at the upper back part, into each ear ; 

 one at its front middle part, into the mouth ; one at its 

 front lower part, into the larynx ; and one directly down- 

 ward, into the oasophagus. (See Fig. 2, PI. 30.) 



963. To the upper part and sides of the opening 

 into the mouth A CURTAIN is ATTACHED, that can either 

 be drawn perpendicularly down against the back of the 

 tongue and close the opening into the mouth, or can be 

 drawn horizontally across the pharynx against its back 

 part, dividing it into an upper third and lower two 

 thirds, and cutting off communication between the parts 

 below it and the nose and ears. 



964. THE CURTAIN (soft palate) SHOULD BE DRAWN 

 UP when food or drink is swallowed, and hang or be 

 drawn down when the air is inhaled through the nose, 

 and at various other times, during sneezing, etc. 



965. UNDER THE BACK OF THE TONGUE a cartilage is 

 situated, against which the upper portion of the larynx 

 being raised, the opening into it is closed, and the food 

 and drink allowed to pass safely on into the oesophagus, 

 the opening into which is relaxed at such times. (PL 30.) 



966. THE FRAME OF THE PHARYNX is the base of the 

 cranium, the cervical spinal column, and the interior 

 part of the facium. 



967. FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE FRAMEWORK mus- 



961. What is ? 962. Describe . 963. Where is ? 964. When should ? 

 965. What found ? 966. What is ? 967. What extend ? 



