346 



DETAILED SYNTHESIS. 



this purpose the rings in front of, and embracing, sub- 

 stances swallowed, relax, and those behind them contract. 



1040. Remark. It is noticeable that substances do not fall from 

 the mouth into the pharynx, nor from it into the stomach. 



1041. Illus. When a horse drinks water it may be noticed rising 

 along his neck. 



1042. -Remark. Sometimes the muscular rings contract upon the 

 food passing through them, and detain it ; this is painful, and particu- 

 larly unfortunate when it takes place at the upper part ; for at this in- 

 stant the windpipe is raised, and its orifice into the pharynx is closed, 

 admitting no air to the lungs. The food must be removed before the 

 passage of air will be allowed ; hence continued choking soon causes 

 death. Push the food down if it cannot be withdrawn. Action must be 

 speedy : if consciousness is lost, proceed as in drowning. (See Ap. 0.) 



Stomach. 



1043. THE STOMACH is one of the simplest organs 

 in the body, being merely a distension of the oesophagus 

 as soon as it has descended through the diaphragm, hav- 

 ing a few modifications easily comprehended. (See Fig. 

 70.) 



FIG. 229. 



Fig. 229 represents, 3, 

 3, the upper inner surface 

 of the distended stomach, 

 a section of it being made 

 through the smaller ex- 

 tremity. 1, under surface 

 of liver ; 2, gall-bladder ; 4, 

 oesophageal orifice ; 5, py- 

 loric orifice; 6, the thick 

 muscle around 5 ; 7, Sec- 

 ond Stomach. 



1044. THE LINING OR MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE 

 (ESOPHAGUS becomes thicker as it enters the stomach, 

 and is wrought into minute papillae, like the piles of 

 velvet, giving the inner surface of the stomach a very 

 delicate velvety appearance. 



1040. What noticeable ? 1041. I lias. 1042. What causes choking ? 1048. What 

 is -? Describe Fig. 229. 1044. What said of - ? 



