70 GEOLOGY AND HISTORY 



and reindeer, the last by the nearly entire pre- 

 dominance of the reindeer. Dupont is content in 

 Belgium to recognise a mammoth age and a reindeer 

 age, but the latter perhaps includes some deposits 

 which are properly neanthropic. 



Carthaillac places the whole palanthropic age as 

 quaternary, properly so-called, which he separates 

 from the tertiary on the one hand and the modern 

 on the other, and divides his quaternary into two 

 stages, the first characterised by E. antiquus and 

 Mortillet's Chellean men, the second by the mammoth 

 and reindeer the earlier of these two periods being 

 warm and moist, the latter cold and dry. The table 

 appended to this chapter is modified from those of 

 Carthaillac. Dawkins, while admitting a similar two- 

 fold division, calls the earlier men those of the river 

 gravels, the latter those of the caves. 



This twofold division of the palanthropic age 

 requires some consideration. In the first place, there 

 is reason to believe that the Canstadt race locally 

 preceded that of Cro-magnon. I say locally, for no 

 one supposes that they are distinct species, and as 

 varietal forms they may have originated from a 

 common intermediate ancestor, or the humbler race 

 may be the earlier, and the higher race an improvement 

 on it, or the lower race may have been a degraded 

 type of the higher. Probably also there was a third, 

 the Truchere race, and the Cro-magnon race may 

 have been a half-breed or metis progeny. 



Again, there was an undoubted change of fauna 



