96 GEOLOGY AND HISTORY 



of which the red clay is the principal, contain bones 

 of rhinoceros leptorhinus, hippopotamus, bison, bear, 

 hyena and fox, but no human remains. Dawkins, 

 however, shows that in other caves farther south some 

 rude flint implements show that man had already 

 appeared in England, though he may not have made 

 his way as far north as Yorkshire. 



3. Above this lies a stratum of red sandy cave 

 earth, in which occur the bones of the mammoth and 

 the woolly rhinoceros, the horse, the bison, the bean 

 and the hyena, but the leptorhine rhinoceros is gone 

 The bones are gnawed by hyenas, and there are rude 

 quartzite implements. Over this, and representing 

 the later part of the palanthropic age, corresponding 

 to some of the French, Belgian, and Lebanon caves, 

 are an upper cave earth and breccia, rich in * palaeo- 

 lithic ' flint implements and bones of the animals of 

 the mammoth age. 



4. Above this, in the surface soil and disturbed 

 portions of the underlying beds, are remains of the 

 neanthropic period, including twelve species of 

 modern animals, but with no trace of the great 

 extinct quadrupeds. Connected with these were 

 human skulls of the same type found in the ancient 

 burial barrows of England, and belonging to races 

 still extant The Cresswell caves give no bones of 

 palaeocosmic men, but they very well show the suc- 

 cession of the early period of mild climate, the later 

 severe climate, the extinction of the old animals 

 contemporary with the earliest men, and the final 



