ARTILLERY 



72 



ARUM 



May, June, and July. At the end of five years a fresh 

 bed should be made. 



No vegetable is more benefited than the artichoke by 

 the application of sea-weed or any other manure con- 

 taining common salt. 



To obtain Chards. Those who require chards must 

 make a plantation annually ; for making the chards 

 destroys the plants. After the best heads have been 

 cut, early in July, the leaves are to be cut over within 

 half a foot of the ground, and the stems as low as possible. 

 In September or October, when the new shoots or leaves 

 are about two feet high, they are bound close with a 

 wreath of hay or straw, and earth or litter is drawn 

 round the stems of the plants. The blanching is per- 

 fected in a month or six weeks. If the chards are wished 

 late in the winter, the whole plants may be dug up before 

 frost sets in, and laid in sand in their blanched state. In 

 this way they may be kept for several weeks. 



Gobbo. The Italians, to make this, bend the stem of 

 an artichoke down to a right angle, and the stalks of the 

 leaves are bound together, and covered over so as to 

 blanch. The result is a lump, which is eaten raw, with 

 salt, and is tolerably good. In Italy it is used in the 

 autumn and winter, and replaces radishes. 



Winter Dressing. As soon as a stem is cleared of all 

 its heads in the summer, it should be broken down close 

 to the root ; and early in November the beds should be 

 dressed for the winter. Cut away the old leaves close 

 to the ground, but without injuring the centre or side- 

 shoots. Fork over the bed, throwing the earth in a 

 ridge, about eight inches high, over each row, putting 

 it close round each plant, but being careful to keep the 

 heart free from the crumbs of soil. After this has been 

 done, pile round every plant some long litter, or pea- 

 haulm, three or four inches thick ; and, to keep this from 

 blowing away, as well as to help in preserving the roots 

 from severe frosts, cover over the litter, or haulm, two 

 inches deep with coal-ashes. The ashes may be turned 

 into the soil in the spring, being much liked by the 

 artichoke. 



Soil and Situation. The finest heads are produced in 

 a soil abounding in moisture ; but in such they will not 

 survive the winter. They should have a rich, deep loam 

 allotted to them. Manure must be applied every spring ; 

 and the best compost for them is a mixture of three 

 parts well-putrefied dung, and one part of fine coal-ashes. 

 They should always have an open exposure, and, above 

 all, be free from the influence of trees ; for if beneath 

 their shade or drip the plants spindle, and produce 

 worthless heads. 



Insect. The leaves of the artichoke are liable to injury 

 by a beetle. See CASSIDA VIRIDIS. 



Saving Seed. Select any number of the earliest and 

 finest heads ; and as soon as the flowers begin to decay, 

 the heads should be turned, and tied downwards, so as 

 to prevent the wet lodging in them, which would rot the 

 seeds. 



ARTILLERY PLANT. See PILEA MUSCOSA. 

 ARTOCA'RPEffi. A tribe of the large order Urticaceae. 

 ARTOCA'RPUS. Bread-fruit. (From artos, bread, 

 and carpos, fruit. The fruit, baked, resembles bread. 

 Nat. ord. Artocarpads [Urticacea;]. Linn. zi-Moncecia, 

 i-Monandria.) 



In this order we meet with such anomalies as the in- 

 valuable bread-fruit-tree of the tropics, the useful cow- 

 tree of Caraccas, and the virulent poison of the upas-tree 

 of Java, side by side. Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings 

 of ripened wood in sand, under a hand-light, and in a 

 brisk, sweet, bottom-heat. Loamy soil. Summer temp., 

 60 to 70 ; winter, 60 to 65. The flowers of all the 

 species are whitish-green. 



A- Canno'ni (Fl. and Pom., 1875, p. 211). Society 

 Islands. 



ebu'rnea (Bull. Cat., 1878). 4. Dark green, with 

 white veins. South Sea Islands. 



inci'sa (cut-leaved). 50. South Sea Islands. 1793. 



nuci'fera (nut- bearing). 50. E. Ind. 1793. 



,, integrifo'lia (entire-leaved. Jack-tree). 60. June. 

 E. Ind. 1778. 



heterophy'lla( variable-leaved). 60. E. Ind. 1778. 



Karste'ni. 



lacinia'ta. Polynesia. 



meta'llica. Leaves bronzy above, reddish-purple 

 beneath. Polynesia. 



A' RUM. (From aron, supposed to be an ancient 

 Egyptian word. Nat. ord. Arads [Aroideae]. Linn. 

 2i-Moncccia, g-Polyandria.) 



All are propagated by division of the roots ; best done 

 when the plants commence growing, in spring. Sandy 

 loam will suit the most of them ; the stove species should 

 have a portion of peat. Winter temp, for them, from 

 50 to 60. All are herbaceous perennials, except where 

 otherwise particularised. 



HARDY. 



A. atroru'bens (dark-purple-streaked), i. Brown. July. 



N. Amer. 1758. See ARIS^MA. 



,, bulbi'fenim (bulb-bearing). This is Amorphophallus. 

 ,, byzanti'num. See A. ITALICUM. 

 ,, concinna' turn. See A. ITALICUM. 

 ,, Diosco'ridis. Greece. Asia Minor. 



specta'bile (G. C., 1897, xxi. 2). 

 ,, Draco'ntium (green-dragon.). See ARIS/EMA DRACON- 



TIUM. 

 Dracu'nculus (common-dragon). See DRACUNCULUS 



VULGARIS. 



Egge'ri (S. H., 1898, 395). Closely allied to Dios- 



coridis. 



elonga'tum. See A. ORIENTALS. 

 ,, gra'tum. See A. ORIENTALE. 

 ,, ita'licum (Italian). 2. Light yellow. June. Italy. 



1683. 



macula' turn. Britain. Spathe greenish, leaves spotted. 

 Magdale'nce (B. T. O., 1894, 227). Nearly allied to 



A. paltzstinum. 



marmora'tum, marbled with yellow. 

 ,, Ma'lyi. See A. MACULATUM. 

 ,, marmora'tum. See A. ITALICUM. 

 ,, modice'nse (B. T. O., 1894, 227). Vigorous form of 



A. italicum. Sicily. 

 Nicke'lii. See A. ITALICUM. 

 ni'grum. Spathe blackish inside. 

 ,, numi'dicum. See A. ITALICUM. 

 ,, orienta'le (eastern), i. June. Tauria. 1820. 

 ,, palcesti'num. Black, purple. Orient. 1864. 

 fo'liis variega'tis (B. T. O., 1902). 

 ,, tri'color (Card.. 1904, Ixy. 215). Apparently the 



same as A . palastinum foliis variegatis. 

 palma'tum (hand-shaped). 2. 1825. 

 Pette'ri. See A. ORIENTALE. 



,, pkilistcz'um. Spathe spotted inside. Syria. 1859. 

 pi'ctum (painted). 2. Corsica. 1800. 

 ,, probosci' deum (proboscis-like). See ARISARUM PRO- 



BOSCIDEUM. 



,, sa'nctum. See A. PAL^ESTINUM. 

 ,, specta'bile. See A. DIOSCORIDIS SPECTABILE. 

 ,, syri'acum. See A. DIOSCORIDIS. 

 ,, tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). See BIARUM. 

 ,, trip hy 'llum( three-leaved). See ARIS^EMA ATRORUBENS. 

 ,, variola' turn. See XANTHOSOMA VIOLACEUM. 

 zebri'num (zebra), i. Brown. June. N. Amer. 

 1664. 



GREENHOUSE. 

 A. crini'tum (hairy-sheathed). See HELICODICEROS CRINI- 



TUS. 



,, detrunca' turn. Greenish-yellow, spotted purple. Asia 



Minor. 1889. 



ri'ngens (gaping), i. June. Japan. 1800. 

 ,, terna'tum(three-leafteted). SeePiNELLiATUBERiFERA, 



STOVE. 



A. campanula' turn (bell-shaped). See AMORPHOPHALLUS. 

 Coloca'sia (colocasia). See COLOCASIA ANTIQUORUM. 

 ,, divarica'tum (straggling). See TYPHONIUM. 

 ,, hedera'ceum (ivy-leaved). See PHILODENDRON. 

 ,, i'ndicum (Indian). See COLOCASIA INDICA. 

 ,, integrifo'lium (entire-leaved). See AGLAONEMA. 

 ,, lingula'tum (tongue-leaved). 6. W. Ind. 1793. 



Epiphyte. 



,, margina'ium (margined). 2. E. Ind. 1820. 

 ,, obtusi'lobum (blunt-lobed). 2. 1824. 

 ,, orixe'nse (Orissan). See TYPHONIUM TRILOBATUM. 

 ,, peda'tum (pedate). See SAUROMATUM. 

 ,, pentaphy'llum (five-leaved). See ARIS/EMA PENTA- 



PHYLLUM. 



,, ramo'sum (branchy). 3. June. 1810. Evergreen. 



