CANARIUM 



163 



CANKER 



rather difficult to manage ; division of the roots in 

 spring, just as they begin to grow ; and at that time, 

 for a month or two, they like the assistance of a hot- 

 bed ; at other times the common treatment of the 

 greenhouse will suit them ; fibrous loam, turfy peat, 

 and a good portion of sand ; pots, well drained. 



C. Campanula and C. laevigci'ta. See C. CAMPANULATA. 

 campanula' 'ta (bell-shaped). 3. Orange. January. 



1696. 



CANA RIUM. (From the native name Canari. Nat. 

 ord. Burseraceap.) 



Trees requiring stove heat. Cuttings of half-mature 

 wood in pots of sand plunged in cocoanut fibre in close 

 frame with bottom-heat. Fibrous loam, peat, and sand. 



C. commu'ne (common). White. Moluccas. 

 mclucca'num (Moluccan). Moluccas. 

 stri'ctum (erect). India. " Black Dammar." 

 vitie'nse (Fijian). Yellowish white. Fiji. 1887. 

 uyla'nicum (Cingalese). 30. Ceylon. 



CANARY CREEPER. See TROP/EOLUM ADUNCUM. 

 CANARY GRASS. Pha'laris. 



CANAVAXIA. (From Canavali, its native name in 

 Malabar. Nat. ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminosae]. 

 Linn. i6-Monadelphia, 6-Decandria. Allied to Dioclea.) 

 Stove perennial twiners, except where otherwise 

 specified ; seeds and cuttings in sandy soil, and in heat, 

 in close propagating pit, sandy loam. Summer temp., 

 60 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 

 C. bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayrean). 10. Purple. July. 



Buenos Ayres. 

 ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). 6. White, red. June. 



All Tropical countries. 1790. 

 gladia'ta (sword-podded). See C. ENSIFORMIS. 

 Lunare'ti (Lunaret's). 3. Pale rose. Japan. 1881. 



Japanese Haricot Bean. 

 dbtusifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 6. Purple. July. 



E. Ind. 1820. 

 ,, emargina'ta (end-notched-leaved). 6. Purple. 



July. E. Ind. 1800. 



parane'nsis (Paraian). See C. BONARIENSIS. 

 rd sea (rose-coloured). See C. OBTUSIFOLIA. 

 ru'tilans (shining). See C. OBTUSIFOLIA. 



CA NBIA. (Named after W. M. Candy, of Delaware. 

 Nat. ord. Papaveraceae.) 



Herbaceous perennial for the greenhouse. Seeds. 

 Loam, leaf-mould, and sand. 



C. ca'ndida (white). White, very dwarf. Petals do not 

 fall off. California. 1876. 



CANDELABRUM or CHANDELIER TREE. Panda nus 



Candela, brum. 



CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. My'rica cerifera. 

 CANDLEBERRY TREE. Aleuri'tes tri'loba. 

 CANDLE TREE. Parmentie'ra ceri'fera. 



CANDOLLEA. (Named after the great botanist, 

 Decandolle. Nat. ord. Dilleniads [Dilleniaceae]. Linn. 

 iS-Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria.) 



Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from Australia ; cuttings 

 in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy peat and fibrous 

 loam. Summer temp., 55 to 70 ; winter, 40 to 45. 



C. Bruno'nis (Brown's). See STYLIDIUM BRUNONIANUM. 

 cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). 7. Yellow. July. 



1824. 



Cunningha'mii. See HIBBERTIA CUNNINGHAMII. 

 Huege'lii (Hue?el's). 6. Yellow. May. 1837. 

 tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 7. Yellow. June. 1842. 



CANDY CARROT. Athama'nta Mattki'oli. 

 CANDY-TUFT. Ibe'ris. 



CANEL'LA. (From canna, a reed ; the form of the 

 inner bark when peeled off. Nat. ord. Canellads [Canel- 

 laceae]. Linn. ii-Dodecandria, i-Monogynia.) 



This is the wild cinnamon of the West Indies, so called 

 on account of its aromatic fragrance. Canella, or white 

 wood bark, yields, by distillation, a warm, aromatic oil, 

 which is often mixed with the oil of cloves in the West 

 Indies. Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots 

 in sand, under a glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or 



: sandy loam and fibrous peat. Summer temp, 

 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 



C. a'lba (white-u>ood-bark). 40. White. W. Ind. 1735. 

 laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). See C. ALBA. 



CANKER. This disease is accompanied by different 

 symptoms, according to the species of the tree which it 

 infects. In some of those whose true sap contains a 

 considerable quantity of free acid, as in the genus Pyrus, 

 it is rarely accompanied by any discharge. To this dry 

 form of the disease it would be well to confine the term 

 canker. In other trees, with sap abounding in astringent 

 or gummy constituents, it is usually attended by a dis- 

 charge. In such instances it might strictly be designated 

 ulcer. This disease has a considerable resemblance to 

 the tendency to ossification, which appears in most aged 

 animals, arising from their marked tendency to secrete 

 the calcareous saline compounds that chiefly constitute 

 their skeletons. The consequence is, an enlargement of 

 the joints and ossification of the circulatory vessels and 

 other parts phenomena very analogous to those attend- 

 ing the cankering of trees. As in animals, this tendency 

 is general throughout their system ; but, as is observed 

 by Mr. Knight, " like the mortification in the limbs of 

 elderly people," it may be determined, as to its point of 

 attack, by the irritability of that part of the system. 



This disease commences with an enlargement of the 

 vessels of the bark of a branch or of the stem. This 

 swelling invariably attends the disease when it attacks 

 the apple-tree. In the pear the enlargement is less, yet 

 is always present. In the elm and the oak sometimes no 

 swelling occurs ; and in the peach we do not recollect to 

 have seen any. The swelling is soon communicated to 

 the wood, which, if laid open to view on its first appear- 

 ance by the removal of the bark, exhibits no marks of 

 disease beyond the mere unnatural enlargement. In the 

 course of a few years, less in number in proportion to the 

 advanced age of the tree, and the unfavourable circum- 

 stances under which it is vegetating, the swelling is 

 greatly increased in size, and the alburnum has become 

 extensively dead ; the bark above it cracks, rises in 

 discoloured scales, and decays even more rapidly than 

 the wood beneath. If the canker is upon a moderately 

 sized branch, the decay soon completely encircles it, 

 extending through the whole alburnum and bark. The 

 circulation of the sap being thus entirely prevented, all 

 the parts above the disease perish. 



Trees injudiciously pruned, or growing upon an un- 

 genial soil, are more frequently attacked than those 

 which are advancing under contrary circumstances. The 

 oldest trees are always the first attacked of those similarly 

 cultivated. The Golden Pippin, the oldest existing 

 variety of the apple, is more frequently and more seriously 

 attacked than any other. The Ribston Pippin is another 

 which in recent years has been more subject to canker 

 than any other apple we have grown. The soil has a 

 very considerable influence in inducing the disease. If 

 the sub-soil be an irony gravel, or if it is not well-drained, 

 the canker is almost certain to make its appearance 

 amongst the trees they sustain, however young and 

 vigorous they were when first planted. 



Bruises and wounds of all kinds usually are followed 

 by canker in the wounded part, if the tree is in any way 

 liable to the disease. 



One of the chief causes of canker may be attributed to 

 bad pruning. Having eriven careful attention to the 

 matter, we find that with almost all subjects if a clean 

 cut is made close above a wood bud, a callus will be 

 formed, and in many instances there will hardly be any 

 trace of where the cut has been made ; while if a portion 

 of the stem is left above the wood bud, that portion will 

 gradually die down. After recently examining some 

 trees we find evidence of canker from bad pruning which 

 had been done years ago. With apples there would be far 

 less trouble if more care was taken to cut quite close to 

 the main stem when removing a branch ; and when 

 pruning young trees cut quite close above a wood 

 bud. 



The same remarks apply even more forcibly to Plums 

 and Cherries, also Peaches ; bad pruning is even worse 

 than bruises. We have seen Camellias badly cankered 

 through bad pruning. We recently noted some strong 

 growing Zonal Pelargoniums, which had been stopped, 

 and a portion of the stem left, above a leaf. And with 

 some that had previously been stopped the canker was 



