CARDAMINE 



168 



CARDUUS 



CARDAMI'NE. Lady's Smock. (From kardamon, 

 watercress ; referring to the acrid flavour. Nat. ord. 

 Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. t^-Tetr adynamia. Allied 

 to Arabis.) 



Like the rest of the Crucifers, Cardami'ne is antiscor- 

 butic and stimulant. All that we describe are hardy 

 herbaceous perennials, except C. thaiictroi' des and C. 

 grceca, which are annuals ; seeds in any common soil, 

 provided it be moist ; the herbaceous and marshy plants 

 by division ; marshy, peaty soil. 



C. alpi'na (Alpine), i. White. April. Europe. 1658. 

 ama'ra (bitter), i. White. April. Britain. Aquatic. 

 asarifo'lia(Asaxum- leaved), i. White. June. Italy. 



1710. 

 belUdifo'lia (daisy-leaved). i. White. April. 



Northern and Arctic regions. 

 ,, alpi'na (alpine). See C. ALPINA. 

 ,, bulbi'fera (bulb- bearing), i to 2. Purple. Britain. 



" Coral Root." 



carno'sa (fleshy), i. White. June. Thessaly. 1824. 

 ,, Chelido'nia (celandine-leaved), i. White. June. 



Italy. 1739. 



dasy'loba (thick-lobed). See C. MACROPHYLLA. 

 digita'ta (fingered). 2. Dark purple. S. Europe. 



1656. 

 diphy'lla (two- leaved), i. White, purple. May. 



N. Amer. " Tooth Cress." 

 enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). i. Yellow. May. 



Europe. 1656. 

 glandulo'sa (glandular), i. Pale purple. May. 



Hungary. 1815. 

 glau'ca (milky-green), i. White. June. Calabria. 



1827. 



grce'ca (Greek). \. White. June. Eastern Mediter- 

 ranean Regions. 1710. Hardy annual. 

 Killia'sii (Killias'). A hybrid between D. digitata 



and D. polyphylla. Switzerland. 1889. 

 lacinia'ta (jagged- leaved), i. White. May. N. 



Amer. 1822. 

 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. June. Spain. 



1710. Marsh-plants. 

 macrophy'lla (large-leaved). i. Purple. May. 



Siberia. 1824. 

 ma'xima (largest). 2. Light purple. May. N. 



Amer. 1823. 

 pentaphy'lla (five-leaved), i. Pale rose. Early 



summer. Chili. 

 pinna' to, (pinnate), ij. Light purple. May. Europe. 



1683. 

 pinna to-digita' ta (pinnate-fingered). Natural hybrid. 



Switzerland. 1889. 



Polyphy'lla (many-leaved), i. Purple. May. Hun- 

 gary. 1818. 

 prate'nsis (meadow-cuckoo-flower), i. Purple. April. 



Britain. Marsh-plant. 

 pie' no, (double-flowered). i. Purple. April. 



Marsh-plant. 

 ,, ple'na-a'lba (double-white- flowered), i. White. 



April. Marsh-plant. 

 quinquefo'lia (five-leaved), i. Purple. May. S. 



Russia. 1820. 

 rhomboi'dea (diamond-shaped). White/ Spring. N. 



Amer. 

 rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). White. March. N. 



Amer. 1884. 

 thaiictroi' des (Thalictrum-like) . i. White. June. 



Piedmont. 1818. Annual. 

 tene'lla (slender), i. Pale purple. May. N. Amer. 



1826. 



tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). See C. TENELLA. 

 trifaflia (three-leaved). J. White. May. Switzer- 

 land. 1629. 

 uligino'sa (bog), i. White. April. Tauria. 1819. 



Marsh-plant. 

 CARDAMOM. Eletta'ria Cardamo'mum. 



CARDIA NDRA. (From kardios, the heart, and aner, 

 an anther ; in reference to the heart-shaped anther. Nat. 

 ord. SaxifragaceEe.) 



Shrub* requiring treatment like Hydrangea hortensis, 

 and protection in severe weather. 

 C. altemifo'lia (alternate-leaved). White and lilac. 



Japan. 1866. 



sine'nsis (Chinese). Flowers like those of Hydrangea. 

 Herbaceous. Central China. 1903. 



CARDINAL FLOWER. Lobe'Ha cardina'lis. 



CARDOON. (Cy'nara Cardu'nculus.) The stalks of 

 the inner leaves, when rendered tender by blanching, 

 are used in stews, soups, and salads. 



Soil and Situation. A light, rich, unshaded soil, dug 

 deep, and well pulverised, suits it best. 



Time and Mode of Sowing. Sow at the close of April, 

 those plants raised from earlier sowing being apt to run ; 

 for a late crop, a sowing may be performed in June. 

 Best practice is to sow in patches of three or four, six 

 inches apart, in rows four feet apart, to be thinned finally 

 to one in each place, the weakest being removed. If, 

 however, they are raised in a seed-bed, they will be ready 

 for transplanting in about eight or ten weeks from the 

 time of sowing, and must be set at similar distances. 



The seed must be covered about half an inch. When 

 about a month old, thin the seedlings to four inches 

 apart, and those removed may be pricked out at a 

 similar distance. When of the age sufficient for their 

 removal, they must be taken up carefully, and the long, 

 straggling leaves removed. The bed for their reception 

 must be dug well, and laid out in trenches, as for celery, 

 or a hollow sunk for each plant ; but, as they are liable 

 to suffer from excessive wet, the best mode is to plant 

 on the surface, and form the necessary earthing in the 

 shape of a ridge. Water abundantly at the time of 

 planting, as well as subsequently, until the plants are 

 established ; and also in August, if dry weather occurs, 

 regularly every other night, as this is found to prevent 

 their running to seed. When advanced to about eighteen 

 inches in height, which, according to the time of sowing, 

 will be in August, and thence to October, the leaves 

 must be closed together. Hay bands were formerly 

 used, but any old woollen material is better, and then 

 earthed up like celery. It must be done on a dry day. 

 As the plants grow, use more binding and more earthing, 

 until blanched about two feet high. The blanching is 

 completed in about eight or ten weeks. If litter is 

 thrown over the tops during severe weather, the plants 

 will continue good through the winter. 



To obtain Seed. Being a native of Candia, seed in 

 this country seldom comes to maturity ; but, in dry 

 seasons, a few plants may be set in a sheltered situation 

 of the April sowing, not earthed up, but allowed the 

 shelter of mats or litter in frosty weather. The flowers 

 make their appearance about the beginning of July, 

 and the seed should ripen in September. 



CARDOPA'TIUM. (Nat. ord. Compositae.) 



A nearly hardy, perennial Thistle for the back line of 



borders. It should have some dry leaves placed round 



or over the crown in winter to protect it from severe 



frost. 



C. corymbo'sum (corymbose). Blue. East Mediter- 

 ranean Regions. 1871. 



CARDUNCE'LLUS. (The diminutive of Cardunculus, 

 the Cardoon. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite], Linn. 

 ig-Syngenesia, i-jEqualis. Allied to Carthamus.) 



Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of France. 

 Division of the roots ; common soil. 

 C. caru'leus (blue), f. Blue. Mediterranean Regions. 

 miti'ssimus (most gentle), . Blue. June. 1776. 

 monspelie'nsium(Montpe\ier). }. Blue. May. 1734. 

 vulga'ris (common). See C. MONSPELIENSIUM. 



CA'RDUUS. Thistle. (Derivation obscure. Nat. ord. 

 Composites [Compositae]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, i- 

 Mqualis.) 



Notwithstanding the proverbial weediness of Thistles, 

 there are some handsome garden-species among them. 

 All hardy. Seeds or divisions ; common soil. There 

 are many which may be grown in what is termed the 

 " wild garden," and they make a most effective display. 



ANNUALS. 



C. a'lbidus (whitish). 2. Purpla. July. Tauria. 1816. 

 ara'bious( Arabian). . Purple. July. Arabia. 1789. 

 argenta'tus (silvered), i. Purple. July. Egypt. 



1789. 



vmifreus (grey). 3. Purple. July. Caucasus. 1818. 

 clavula'tus (club-shaped). 2. Purple. July. Canaries. 



1827. 

 leuca'nthus (white-flowered). See SERRATULA FLAVK- 



SCENS. 



