CARNATIONS 



171 



CARPOCAPSA 



and. is distinguished by having short and sturdy 

 growth ; the flowers are large, with a very short calyx, 

 and in the true type they are remarkable for producing 

 a secondary lot of petals, from where the ovary should 

 be. The original variety is still grown, the colour being 

 of a soft flesh pink. Later we had several sports of a 

 deeper shade of colour, and a good many seedlings have 

 been raised. Some that are classed with the Malmaisons 

 can hardly be recognised as belonging to the true form. 

 Those of Hybrid origin may be propagated from cuttings, 

 and we have had good results from cuttings of the true 

 old variety, but layers are more reliable, and make 

 better plants. All of this section should be grown under 

 glass, and flower from May until July. Plenty of pot 

 room with good drainage should be given, and if the loam 

 is heavy, some peat may be added. 



Perpetual flowering Carnations. Originally this type 

 came from the Continent, and after growing them for 

 some time we had English varieties added. These were 

 of dwarfer habit, but not such consistent flowerers, yet 

 we had some good dwarf sorts, which flowered well 

 through the winter, of which Miss Joliffe and Winter 

 Cheer are good examples. There were also other good 

 sorts, while the tall-growing continental varieties were 

 neglected, and it was not until the Americans, who had 

 worked on the old stock, and sent over some improved 

 varieties, that we went back to those with the fringed 

 edged petals. All who know the value of Carnations 

 now recognise the merits of this type. Mrs. T. W. 

 Lawson was the first of the American varieties to gain 

 favour ; since then we have had many others added. 

 We must leave the above as the forerunner of the most 

 useful class we have, yet Enchantress, White Perfection, 

 Robert Craig, President Roosevelt, and Harlowarden 

 may be given as examples of the best of the early types, 

 and to these we may now add English varieties, Britannia 

 being one of the finest scarlets, Carola the finest crimson ; 

 there are also a good many others, but as we get so 

 many new varieties added from year to year, it will be 

 better to only refer to distinct types. 



In the culture of all the winter-flowering sorts, strong, 

 short- join ted cuttings are of the first consideration. 

 These may be had any time from October until March. 

 There are various methods of treating cuttings. Some 

 growers root them in sand only, but it takes longer to 

 re-establish the plants afterwards ; we prefer loam and 

 sand, or if loam is not fibrous, some peat may be added. 

 Cuttings succeed best where there is a good bottom- 

 heat, and a cool surface. We hear of damp causing 

 trouble, and so it does, if cuttings are allowed to get 

 withered and then kept moist, but with ventilation 

 given early in the mornings, and the cuttings kept con- 

 stantly moist, they will do well. It is a stagnant 

 atmosphere that causes harm. And one more point is 

 that they should be removed from the close frame as 

 soon as rooted. 



Marguerite Carnations. This is another distinct type ; 

 they are useful for summer or autumn bedding, and are 

 also grown for flowering in pots late in the autumn. 

 They are Hybrids, and are probably connected with the 

 Indian Pink ; they should certainly be treated as 

 Annuals. One of the greatest faults is that they seed 

 freely, and as soon as fertilisation takes place the petals 

 wither. We have found this to be the case when fer- 

 tilising other Carnations. 



Seeding. Careful cross-fertilisation will usually pro- 

 duce satisfactory results. Take a plant of good habit, 

 and fertilise with the pollen from another of a better 

 colour, of a similar but brighter shade, and good results 

 will follow. Indiscriminate crossing of colours will be 

 sure to result in failure. Seed from the first flowers 

 that open where possible, and cut all others off as soon 

 as they appear. Sow seed early in January, and place 

 the seed pots where they get plenty of light, but not 

 the direct blaze of the sun. Prick off as soon as large 

 enough to handle, and pot singly before the roots get 

 much matted together. 



Insect Pests and Diseases. Green-fly (or aphis) give 

 some trouble, but the frequent syringing with clear, soot 

 water while the plants are outside, and a thorough 

 fumigating as soon as they are taken under glass, will 

 go a great way towards keeping them clean through 

 the winter. Red Spider is sometimes troublesome in 

 spring, but by using the syringe freely at night, and 

 ventilating early in the morning, it may be kept down ; 



this also will do much towards keeping other troubles 

 off. It is the dry nights and hot mornings that cause 

 much mischief. These conditions also encourage the 

 development of rust, spot, mildew, &c. Regular atten- 

 tion to watering, ventilating, and good soil are the chief 

 essentials towards success in Carnation culture. 



CAROLTNEA. Pachira. (Named after Sophia Caro- 

 line, Margravine of Baden. Nat. ord. Stercuiiads [Ster- 

 culiaceae]. Linn. i6~Monadelphia, 8-Polyandria f Allied 

 to Adansonia.) 



Stove trees. Cuttings of ripened wood in sand, under 

 glass, in heat ; rich, loamy soil. Summer temp., 60" to 

 85 ; winter, 50 to 55. 



C. a'lba (white). See PACHIRA ALBA. 

 insi'gnis (showy). See PACHIRA INSIGNIS. 

 mi' nor (less). See PACHIRA MINOR. 

 Pri'nceps (princely). See PACHIRA AQUATICA. 



CARPENTE'RIA. (Named in compliment to Pro- 

 fessor Carpenter of Louisiana, a botanist of that state. 

 Nat. ord. Saxifragaceae.) 



A handsome, evergreen shrub, hardy in the more 

 favoured parts of the south and west of the British 

 Isles, and against a wall inland and farther north. It is 

 also suitable for the greenhouse or conservatory, either 

 in pots or planted out. Seeds and cuttings in a gentle 

 heat. Ordinary soil. 



C. calif o'rnica (Calif ornian). 2 to 3. White. Summer. 

 California. 1880. 



CARPHEPHORUS. (From karphos, dried shavings, 

 and phoreo, to bear ; the bracts surrounding the head. 

 Nat. ord. Compositae.) 



Hardy perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. Good 

 garden soil. 

 C. bellidifo'lius (daisy-leaved). 2. Pink. August. N. 



Amer. 



corymbo'sus (corymbose). 3. Purple. September. 

 Carolina. 1825. 



CARPI'NUS. Hornbeam. (From car, the Celtic for 

 wood, and pix, a head ; in reference to the wood being 

 used to make the yokes of oxen. Nat. ord. Mastworts 

 [Cupuliferae]. Linn. zi-Monoecia, s-Pent-Polyandria.) 



C. Be'tulus is the only one of the Hornbeams that is of 

 much use or ornament ; it is one of the best nurse-plants 

 in young plantations, and for making fast-growing 

 hedges. Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds sown when ripe, 

 or kept in dry sand, until the following spring ; suckers 

 and layers for the varieties ; layers for the common 

 plants ; but they are inferior to plants raised from seed. 

 Common soil. 



C. america'na (American). See C. CAROLINIANA. 

 Be'tulus (common). 30. April. Britain. 



asplenifo'lia (Asplenium- leaved). 

 , au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated-teai/tfd). 20. 

 March. 1845. 

 Carpinfzza (Carpinizza). 

 columna'ris (columnar). Upright. 

 inci'sa (cut-leaved). 15. March. 

 marmora'ta (marbled). 

 pe'ndula (pendulous). Weeping. 

 purpu'rea (purple-leaved). 

 pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 

 quercifo'lia (oak- leaved). 30. May. Europe. 

 ru'bra (red-leaved). 



variega'ta (variegated). 20. March. Britain. 

 carolinia'na (Carolinian). 20. N. Amer. 1812. 



" American Hornbeam." 

 corda'ta (heart-shaped). 20 to 40. Fruits in clusters 



5 to 6 in. long. Japan. 1904. 

 chine'nsis (Chinese). Central China. 

 duine'nsis (Duinian). See C. ORIENTALIS. 

 ,, japo'nica (Japanese). A low tree. Japan. 1889. 

 ,, laxifto'ra (lax-flowered). Japan. 

 ,, macrosta'chya (large-catkined). Central China. 

 orienta'lis (oriental). 12. S. Europe, Orient. 1739. 

 O'strya (Ostrya). See OSTRYA CARPINIFOLIA. 

 ,, Turczanino'vii (Turczaninow's). China. 

 yedoe'nsis (Yedoese). A quick-growing tree. Japan, 

 Central China. 1907. 



CARPOCA'PSA POMONEXLA. The Codlin Moth. 

 Every grower of the apple knows how liable bis fruit 



