CARPODETES 



172 



CARROT 



is to be " worm-eaten." He finds basketfuls of " wind- 

 falls " even in the calmest weather, and that the cause 

 of the loss is a small grub, which has fed upon the pulp 

 of the fruit ; but how, when, or where these grubs got 

 there he has not the slightest notion. As it is one of 

 the most injurious of insects to one of our most useful 

 of fruits, we shall give more full particulars than usual, 

 borrowing them chiefly from Mr. Westwood's essay in 

 the Gardeners' Magazine, iv. 235, N.S. The grub in 

 question is the larva of the Codlin Moth, Carpocapsa 

 pomonella. of some entomologists, but Tinea pomonella, 

 Pyralis pomona, and Tortrix pomoniana of others. It is 

 upon the pulpy parts of the apple that the grub chiefly 

 feeds. When, however, it has nearly attained its full 

 size, it feeds on the pips of the apple, which, thus attacked 

 in its most vital part, soon falls to the ground. No 

 sooner is the apple fallen than the grub quits the fruit 

 by the passage which it had previously gnawed. A 

 hundred apples may be opened, and not more than two 

 or three larvae observed within them ; the orifice by 

 which they have escaped being open, and not concealed 

 by a little mass of brown grains, which is the case with 

 those apples from which the larva has not made its 

 escape. These little grains are the excrement of the 

 larvae, which are also to be seen in the burrows formed 

 by them within the apple. The grub is of a dirty- white 

 colour, with a brown head, varied with darkish-brown 

 marks. The body is slightly hairy ; the first segment 

 after the head is whitish, with minute brown spots ; the 

 other segments are of a pale colour, with about eight 

 small tubercles on each ; each of the three anterior 

 segments is furnished with a pair of legs ; and there are 

 a pair of feet at the extremity of the body. In its early 

 state it is of a dirty-reddish or flesh colour. The cater- 

 pillar wanders about on the ground till it finds the stem 

 of a tree, up which it climbs, and hides itself in some 

 little crack of the bark. The fall of the apple, the exit 

 of the grub, and its wandering to this place of safety 

 usually take place in the night-time. It gnaws away the 

 bark a little, and, having made a smooth chamber, spins 

 a little milk-white silken case, in which, after a few weeks, 

 it becomes a chrysalis ; and in this state it remains 

 through the winter, and until the following June, when 

 the moth comes forth, and is to be seen hovering round 

 the young apples on a midsummer evening. The moth 

 itself, of which we give a cut, of the natural size and 

 magnified, is a very beautiful insect, about three-quarters 

 of an inch in expanse : fore wings ashy-brown, with 

 very numerous, rather obscure, darker, transverse streaks, 

 united into a broadish band towards the base, giving 

 them a damasked appearance. On the hind border of 

 the fore wings is a large reddish-brown patch, spotted, 

 and surrounded with a golden mark. The hind wings 

 reddish-brown, tinged with yellow. The moth lays its 

 eggs in the eyes of the young apples, one only in each, 

 by inserting its long ovipositor (egg- tube) between the 

 divisions of the calyx. As soon as the egg is hatched, 

 the little grub gnaws a hole in the crown of the apple, 

 and soon buries itself in its substance ; and it is worthy 

 of remark, that the rind of the apple, as if selected for 

 the purpose, is thinner here than in any other part, 

 and, consequently, more easily pierced. The apple 

 most commonly attacked is the codlin. It will be evident, 

 from the preceding details of the habits of this moth, 

 that there are considerable difficulties in the way of its 

 extermination. It is impossible, for instance, to be 

 aware of the presence of the enemy within the fruit until 

 the mischief is actually completed ; and, in like manner, 

 the destruction of the moth, from its small size, and its 

 habit of secreting itself in crevices of the bark, &c., is 

 equally impracticable. The gathering up of the worm- 

 eaten apples immediately after their fall, and before the 

 enclosed caterpillar has had time to escape, cannot but 

 be attended with good effect : care, however, must be 

 taken to destroy the larvae, which would otherwise very 

 speedily make their escape. The cocoons, also, may be 

 destroyed in the chinks of the bark during the autumn 

 and winter. 



CARPODETTES RECURVA'TA. See STENOMESSON 



RECURVATUM. 



CARPODrNUS. Sweet Pishamin. (Derived from carpos, 

 a fruit, and dineo, I turn round ; the fruit is curved. 

 Nat. ord. Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Allied to Carissa.) 



A climbing evergreen for the stove. Cuttings of half- 



ripened wood in sand in a close case with bottom-heat. 

 Soil, loam, peat, and sand. 



C. du'lcis (sweet). 8. Green. June. Trop. Africa. 1822. 

 CARPODO'NTOS LU CIDA. See EUCHRYPHIA BIL- 



LARDIERI. 



CARPOLY'ZA. (From karpos, a fruit, and lussa, rage ; 

 in reference to the three-celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening 

 like the mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord. Amaryl- 

 lids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. 

 Allied to Gethyllis and Lapiedra.) 



A very neat little bulb, with spiral leaves, and starry, 

 pinkish flowers, having green tops, requiring the same 

 treatment as Ixia. 

 C. spira'lis (pink). Cape of Good Hope. 1774. 



CARRI'CHTERA. (A commemorative name. Nat. 

 ord. Cruciferas. Allied to Vella.) 



A hardy annual. Seeds. Light, rich soil. 



C. V^llce (Vellae). i-ij. Yellow-white, with purple 

 veins. S. Europe, N. Africa, &c. 



CARRIE RIA. (Named after M. Carriere, an able 

 writer and botanist. Nat. ord. Bixaceas.) 



A hardy tree with the aspect of Idesia polycarpa, but 

 having a woody capsular fruit. Ordinary soil. Seeds 

 and cuttings. 

 C. calyci'na (large-calyxed). 50. China. 1896. 



CARROT. Dau'cus Caro'ta. 



Varieties. Those with a long tapering root are named 

 Long Carrots ; and those having one that is nearly 

 regularly cylindrical, abruptly terminating, are denomi- 

 nated Horn Carrots. The first are employed for the 

 main crops ; the second, on account of their superior 

 delicate flavour, are advantageously grown for early use, 

 and for shallow soils. 



Horn Carrots. Early Red. Common Early. Dutch, 

 for forcing. Long. This last is the best for the summer 

 crop. 



Long Carrots. White Belgium, Yellow, Long Yellow, 

 Purple, Long Red, Chertsey, and Surrey. Superb Green- 

 topped, or Altringham. The last two are the best for 

 main crops. 



Soil and Situation. Carrots require a warm, light, 

 rich soil, dug full two spades deep. With the bottom- 

 spit it is a good practice to turn in a little well-decayed 

 manure ; but no general application of it to the surface 

 should be allowed in the year they are sown ; but a 

 spot should be allotted them which has been made rich 

 for the growth of crops hi the previous year, or else 

 purposely prepared by manuring and trenching in the 

 preceding autumn. The fresh application of manure is 

 liable to cause their growing forked, and to expend 

 themselves in fibres, as well as to be worm-eaten. If the 

 soil is at all binding, it should be well pulverised by 

 digging very small spits at a time. Pigeons' dung is a 

 good manure for the carrot. 



Time and Mode of Sowing. The first sowing for the 

 production of plants to draw whilst young should take 



Elace in a moderate hotbed (this was the old practice, 

 ut modern cultivators grow them under light con- 

 structed glass-houses), during January, and in a warm 

 border at the conclusion of February, or early in March. 

 At the close of the last month, or, preferably, in the 

 first half of April, the main crop must be inserted ; 

 though, to avoid the maggot, it is even recommended 

 not to do so until its close. In May until July the sowing 

 may be repeated for production in autumn, and lastly 

 in August, to stand through the winter, and produce in 

 early spring. For sowing, a calm day should be selected ; 

 and the seeds should be separated by rubbing them be- 

 tween the hands, with the admixture of a little sand or 

 dry coal-ashes, otherwise they cannot be sown regularly. 

 Sow thinly, in drills eight inches apart for the horn, and 

 ten or twelve inches for the long ; and the beds not 

 more than four feet wide, for the convenience of after- 

 cultivation. The larger weeds must be continually re- 

 moved by hand ; and when the plants are seven or 

 eight weeks old, or when they have got four leaves two 

 or three inches long, they should be thinned, those in- 

 tended for drawing young, to four or five inches apart, 

 and those to attain their full growth to ten. At the same 

 time, the ground must be regularly hoed to keep down 

 all weeds, and also to ventilate the soil. It is after 



