CARROT 



173 



CARYOPTERIS 



heavy rains, and as soon as the surface is sufficiently 

 dry that hoeing is most beneficial. Never tread on the 

 ground while it is very wet. The crop to stand through 

 the winter should, in frosty weather, be sheltered with 

 a covering of litter, as, if it occurs with much severity, 

 it often destroys them. The hotbed for the first sowing 

 of the year must be moderate, and earthed about sixteen 

 inches deep : two or three linings of hot dung, as the 

 heat decreases, will be sufficient to bring them to state 

 fit for use. These are the first in production, but are 

 closely followed by those that have withstood the winter. 

 The temperature must never exceed 73, nor fall lower 

 than 55. They need not be thinned to more than three 

 inches apart. At the close of October, or early in 

 November, as soon as the leaves change colour, the 

 main crop may be dug up, and laid in alternate layers 

 with sand, in a dry outhouse, previously to doing which 

 the tops and any adhering earth must be removed. A 

 dry day should always be chosen for taking them up. 



To obtain Seed. Leave some where raised ; but, if 

 this is impracticable, some of the finest roots should be 

 selected, and their tops not cut so close as those for 

 storing. These, likewise, must be placed in sand until 

 February or March, then to be planted out two feet 

 asunder in a stiff, loamy soil. Those left where grown, 

 or those planted at the close of autumn, must, during 

 frosts, have the protection of litter to be removed, 

 however, during mild weather. As the seed ripens in 

 August, which is known by its turning brown, each 

 umbel should be cut, otherwise much of the seed is often 

 lost during stormy weather. It must be thoroughly 

 dried, by exposure to the sun and air, before it is rubbed 

 out for storing. For sowing, the seed should always be 

 of the previous year's growth ; if it is more than two 

 years old it will rarely vegetate, unless it has been kept 

 in a close box and in a cool position. 



Insects. The carrot is liable to the attacks of the wire- 

 worm (see ELATER), as well as of those next mentioned. 



CARROT MAGGOT. (PsUa ros.) The parent fly is 

 dark, with a metallic-green lustre, and rather hairy ; 

 head, reddish-yellow ; legs, yellow ; wings, very trans- 

 parent. Very much resembles the Anthomyia. The 

 grub, or maggot, is cylindrical and yellow ; it eats holes 

 in the main root of the carrot. This' underground enemy 

 of the carrot is said to be banished by mixing spirits of 

 tar with sand until saturated, and applying it to the 

 soil previously to digging, at the rate of about one gallon 

 to sixty square yards ; but we find trenching and 

 manuring, as we have directed, a sufficient protective. 



CARROT MOTH. See DEPRESSARIA. 



CA'RTHAMUS. (From quartern, to paint, in the 

 Arabic ; referring to the flowers yielding a fine colour. 

 Nat. ord. Composites [Composite], Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 

 i-qualis.) 



Hardy annuals. Seeds sown in April where they are 

 to grow, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and then planted 

 out ; common soil. 



C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. Yellow. August. Spain. 



1831. 



arbo'reus (tree). See C. ARBORESCENS. 

 cceru'leus (blue). See CARDUNCELLUS C.SRULEUS. 

 Cardunce'llus (little Cardoon). See CARDUNCELLUS 



MONSPELIENSIUM. 



cre'ticus (Cretan). See C. LANATUS. 



cynaroi'des(Cyn3xa-like). See COUSINIA CYNAROIDES. 



flave'scens (yellowish). Asia Minor. 



glau'cus (sea-green), ij. Purple. July. Caucasus, 



Asia Minor. 1817. 



l&'vis (smooth). See STOKESIA CYANEA. 

 lana'tus (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. Europe. 1596. 

 leucocau'los (white-stemmed). i. White. June. 



Greece. 1800. 

 miti'ssimus (mildest). See CARDUNCELLUS MITISSI- 



MUS. 

 Oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 2. Yellow. July. 



Caucasus. 1813. 



tau'ricus (Taurian). See C. LANATUS. 

 tincto'rius (dyer's), 3. Orange. June. Egypt. 



1551. " Safflower." 



CARTONE'MA. (From kartos, shorn, and nema, a 

 filament ; referring to the formation of the filaments, 

 or threads, which support the pollen-bags. Nat. ord. 



Spiderworts [Commelinaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, r- 

 Monogynia.) 



Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds sown in 

 slight hotbed ; light loam and sandy peat ; requires the 

 protection of a greenhouse, or a warm situation. 



C. spica'tum (spiked). 

 1822. 



Blue. July. N. Holland. 



CA RUM. Caraway. (From Caria, in Asia Minor, 

 where it was first discovered. Nat. ord. VmbelUfers 

 [Umbelliferae]. Linn. $-Pentandria, 2-Digynia. Allied 

 to the weed Ammi.) 



The seed of C. Ca'rvi is our Caraway, esteemed for 

 its aromatic qualities. Hardy biennials. Seeds ; open 

 ground, in March or April. Common soil. 



C. Ca'rvi (common). 2. White. May. Britain. 

 ,, Petroseli'num (rock Selinum). i to 2. Yellow. June. 



Europe. " Parsley." 

 ,, verticilla'tum (whorl-leaved). i. White. July. 



Britain. This species is removed here from Si' son, 



a genus of weeds. 



CARU'MBIUM. See HOMALANTHOS. 



C A' RYA. Hickory. (The Greek name for the Walnut, 

 so named on account of Carya, daughter of Dion, King 

 of Laconia, said to have been changed by Bacchus into 

 a Walnut-tree. Nat. ord. Juglans [Juglandaceje], Linn. 

 2i-Moncecia, g-Polyandria.) 



This is the Hickory so celebrated in North America for 

 the purposes of the cabinet-maker. Their best chairs 

 they call their Hickories. Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds ; 

 the nut should be sown where the tree is intended to 

 stand ; may also be propagated from layers or by 

 grafting on the ordinary walnut. Good, common soil. 



C. a'lba (white). 30. April. 1629. " Shell-bark Hickory." 

 ama'ra (bitter-nut). 30. May. 1800. 

 aqua'tica (aquatic). South United States. " Water 



Hickory." " Bitter Pecan." 

 compre'ssa (compressed- fruited). See C. ALBA. 

 lacinio'sa (jagged). See C. SULCATA. 

 microca'rpa (small-fruited). 30. April. 

 myristicafo'rmis (Nutmeg-formed). Southern United 



States. " Nutmeg Hickory." 

 obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-shaped). See C. PORCINA 



OBCORDATA. 



oliv&fo'rmis (olive-shaped). 30. April. " Pecan." 



porci'na (hog-nut). 30. May. 1799. 



gla-'bra (smooth). May. 



obcorda'ta (obcordate). 30. May. 1812. 



sulca'ta (furrowed). 30. April. 1804. 



tomento'sa (woolly). 30. April. 



ma'xima (greatest fruited). 60. May. 



CA RYOCAR. Butter Nut. (From karyon, a nut; 

 in reference to its fruit. Nat. ord. Rhizobols [Ternstrce- 

 miaceae]. Linn. i^-Polyandria, ^-Tetragynia.) 



Two genera of immensely large trees, bearing large 

 flowers and edible nuts, constitute the whole of this 

 small group. The Suwarrow (Sauari) nuts of the shops 

 are the produce of the C. nuci'ferum. Oil not inferior 

 to olive-oil is extracted from the kernels. Cuttings in 

 sand, in heat, under glass. Loam and peat. Summer 

 temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 50 to 55. 



C. gla'brutn (smooth). 100. Green. Guiana. 1820. 

 nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). 100. Red, yellow. Guiana. 



1820. 

 tomento'sum (woolly). 100. White. Guiana. 1820. 



CARYOPHY'LLUS AROMA'TICUS. See EUGENIA 



CARYOPHYLLATA. 



CARYO PTERIS. (Derived from karyon, a nut, and 

 pteron, a wing ; because the fruits are winged. Nat. 

 ord. Verbenaceae.) 



Nearly hardy sub-shrubs, and should be planted in 

 sheltered situations. Seeds, suckers, divisions, layers, 

 or cuttings. Ordinary soil well drained. 



C. Mastaca'nthus (Mastacanthus). i to 4. Dark blue. 



Autumn. China, Japan. 1844. 

 ca'ndicans (grayish). Gray foliage. 

 mongho'lica (Mongolian). 2. Violet-blue. N. China 



1872. 

 wallichia'na (Wallichian). 4. Red. Himalayas, 



1823. 



