CASSIDA 



176 



CHESTNUT 



C. teneflla (weak). 2. Yellow. July. Orinoco. 1820. 



tomento'sa (thick-downed). 15. Yellow. July. S. 

 Amer. 1822. 



uniflo'ra (one- flowered) . Red. June. Brazil. 1824. 



venu'stula (rather pretty). See C. BIFLORA. 



versi'color (changing colour). Peru. 



vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Yellow. W. Ind. 1786. 



,, virga'ta (rod-branched), i. Yellow. June. W. Ind. 



1810. 



GASSIDA VIRIDIS. Artichoke Tortoise-beetle. The 

 common artichoke's leaves suffer during the summer, 

 sometimes, though rarely, from the attacks of the larva 

 of a very curious small beetle, which may be called the 

 Artichoke Tortoise-beetle, Cassida viridis. The beetle, 

 which is found in May and June, is not more than one- 

 sixteenth of an inch long ; the antennae are black ; the 

 dotted wing-cases and other outer coverings green ; but 

 the body beneath them black ; and the legs pale, with 

 black thighs. It is found upon the water-mints, as well 

 as upon thistles and artichokes. The larva has a very 

 flat body, with spines upon its edges ; and it has the 

 singular habit of covering itself with its own excrement, 

 which it attaches together in a mass, and carries on a 

 kind of fork attached to its tail. The pupa is also very 

 flat, having thin toothed appendages at the sides of the 

 body, with a broad thorax, prolonged forward into a 

 rounded expansion, which covers the head. 



CASSI'NE. (A name given by the North American 

 Indians to a plant now referred to the Holly I'lex 

 Cassine. Nat. ord. Spindle-trees [Celastraceae]. Linn. 

 5-Pentandria, $-Trigynia.) 



Greenhouse evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half- 

 ripened shoots in sand, under a glass ; loam and peat. 

 Summer temp., 60 to 70 ; whiter, 40 to 45. 

 C. cethio'pica (Ethiopian). 5. White. July. Cape of 

 Good Hope. 



ba'rbara (barbarous). 6. White. July. Cape of 

 Good Hope. 1818. 



cape'nsis (Cape Phillyrea). 6. White. July. Cape 

 of Good Hope. 1629. 



Colpo'on (Colpoon-tree). See C. CAPENSIS. 



exce'lsa (tall). See ILEX EXCELSA. 



laviga'ta (smooth) . See PTEROCELASTRUS ROSTRATUS. 



Mauroce'nia (Maurocenia. Hottentot cherry). 5. 

 White. August. Cape of Good Hope. 1690. 



oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 5. White. 



sca'ndens (climbing). 6. White. S. Africa. 1810. 



xyloca'rpa (woody-fruited). See EL^ODENDRON XYLO- 



CARPUM. 



CASSINIA. Named after Cassini, a French botanist. 

 Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 

 5-Segregata. Allied to Amobium.) 



The annual by seed, hi March ; the others by dividing 

 at the roots, and cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, 

 in April ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 55 to 70 ; 

 winter, 45 to 50. 

 C. aculea'ta (prickly). 2. May. Australia. 1820. 



Greenhouse evergreen. 

 affi'nis (allied). See C. ACULEATA. 

 au'rea (golden), i. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 



1803. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. 

 ,, denticula'ta (small- toothed). Pale yellow. Australia. 



1826. Greenhouse evergreen. 

 fu'lvida (tawny). White. New Zealand. 1879. 



Syn. Diplopappus chrysophyllus of gardens. 

 leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. White. August. 



New Zealand. 1821. Greenhouse evergreen. 

 longifo'lia (long- leaved). 2. May. N. Holland. 



1822. Greenhouse evergreen. 



specio'sa (showy). N.S. Wales. Greenhouse herba- 

 ceous perennial. 



specta'bilis (showy). 6. Yellow. July. N. Holland. 

 1818. Hardy annual. 



CASSI'OPE. (Named after Cassiope, a queen of 

 Ethiopia. Nat. ord. Ericaceae.) 



Dwarf, evergreen, hardy shrubs requiring similar soil 

 as for Hardy Heaths. 



C. fastigia'ta (erect), i. White. Himalayas. 1855. 

 hypnoi'des (Moss-like), i. White. June. Northern 



Regions. 1798. 

 tetrago'na (four-angled), i. White. April. Northern 



Regions. 1810. 



CASTA'LIA. See NYMPH^A. 



CASTA'LIS FLA'OCIDA. See DIMORPHOTHECA AURAN- 



TIACA. 



CASTA'NEA. Chestnut. (From 1 a town of that name 

 in Thessaly. Nat. ord. Mastworts [Cupuliferae]. Linn. 

 21-Monoecia, g-Polyandria.) 



Hardy deciduous trees, except C. i'ndica ; seeds 

 gathered hi autumn, preserved in dry sand, and sown in 

 March ; deep, sandy loam ; varieties by grafting. 



C. america'na (American). See C. DENTATA. 

 chine' nsis (China). See C. CRENATA. 

 chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). See CASTANOPSIS CHRY- 



SOPHYLLA. 



crena'ta (round- toothed). 50. Green. May. Japan. 



" Japanese Chestnut." 

 ,, denta'ta (toothed). 50. Green. May. N. Amer. 



" American Chestnut." 



i'ndica (Indian). See CASTANOPSIS INDICA. 

 japo'nica (Japanese). See C. CRENATA. 

 pu'mila (dwarf). 12. Green, yellow. July. N. Amer. 



1699. " Chinquapin." 

 sati'va (cultivated). 50. Green. June. England. 



" Sweet Chestnut." 



a'lbo-margina'ta (white-edged). Leaves white- 

 edged. 1886. 

 asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). 50. Green. 



May. Europe. 



au'reo-margina'ta (golden-edged). Leaves golden- 

 edged. 1886. 



cochlea' ta (spiral). Green. May. 

 ,, coralli'na-variega'ta (coral- variegated). Green. 



May. 1846. 

 cri'spa (crisped-leaved). 



cuculla'ta (hooded). Green. May. 1846. 



downtonia'na (Downtonian). 



filipe'ndula (Dropwort-leaved). 



fo'liis-au'reis (golden- leaved). 50. Green. June. 



globe 'rrima (smoothest). 



gla'bra (smooth-leaved). Green. May. 



glau'ca (milky-green). Green. June. 



heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 



heterophy'lla disse'cta (cut-various-leaved). 



lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). 



lu'cida (shining-leaved). Green. May. 1846. 



macula' ta (spotted). 



me'dia (intermediate). 50. Green. June. Europe. 



monstro'sa (monstrous). 



Moo'rei (Moore's). 



Pri'ncei (Prince's). Green. May. 1846. 



proli'fera (proliferous). 



pu'mila (dwarf). Green. May. 1846. 



pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 

 variega'ta (variegated-leaved). Green. May. 

 ve'sca (sweet). See C. SATIVA. 

 vulga'ris (common). See C. SATIVA. 



CHESTNUT (SPANISH, or SWEET). This, the Cas- 

 ta'nea sati'va of the above genus, in the southern parts of 

 England is cultivated for its fruit, as well as for the 

 value of its timber, which is in good esteem. There are 

 several varieties in cultivation in this country, and, of 

 course, many in France and Italy. About twenty foreign 

 varieties may be found in the catalogue of the Horti- 

 cultural Society ; but the Downton, and the Prolific, or 

 Devonshire, are at present most esteemed, probably 

 as being somewhat hardier, and therefore well adapted 

 to our climate, which is not capable of producing the 

 fruit in that high degree of perfection of which it is 

 susceptible in the warm and bright climates of Spain, 

 Portugal, and France. The Chataigne Exalade has been 

 suggested as particularly eligible for the dwarfing-system 

 in a small garden. 



Propagation. The better sorts are propagated by 

 grafting on the ordinary chestnut of our nurseries, which 

 is raised from seed. 



Soil and Culture. Any free upland soil is adapted to 

 its culture, provided it is dry beneath, and not too 

 adhesive. For the dwarfing-system we recommend the 

 platform mode, allowing only half a yard in depth of 

 soil. Little if any pruning is necessary, the fruit being 

 all produced in clusters on the extremities of the shoots. 



