CITRUS 



216 



CLARKIA 



C. Me'dica Rive'rsii (Rivers's). White. St. Michael's, 



Azores. " Rivers's Bijou Lemon." 

 no'bilis (noble. Mandarin). 15. White. June. 



China. 1805. 

 ,, Daidai (Daidai). Japan. 



ma'jor (larger). " Mandarin Orange. 



^^^^^M 

 1805. 



mi'nor (smaller). 15. White. June. China. 



,, ,, Tangeri'na (Tangerine). "Tangerine Orange." 

 ,, spinosi' ssima (spiniest). 15. White. June. Cayenne. 



See C. MEDICA. 

 trifolia'ta (three-leafleted). The proper name is 



M'gle sepia 'ria. 



vulga'ris (common. Seville). See C. AURANTIUM. 

 myrtifo'lia (myrtle- leaved). See C. AURANTIUM 



MYRTIFOLIA. 



Common Orange (C. Aura'ntium). The following are 

 esteemed varieties : the China, Blood-red, Sweet-skinned, 

 the Ribbed, Pear-shaped, Tiny-fruited, Fingered, St. 

 Michael's, and Mandarin. The Mandarin and St. 

 Michael's are far superior to the rest for cultivation. 

 The Mandarin is cultivated extensively at Malta, although 

 originally from China : it has a thin rind, and is of very 

 superior flavour. The St. Michael's is also a small 

 orange ; but the skin is of a pale yellow ; the rind, also, 

 very thin, and the pulp remarkably sweet. The fruit 

 is generally without seed, and the tree is a great bearer. 



The Lime (C. Lime'tta) approaches the Lemon ; but 

 the juice is flat, and somewhat bitter. 



The Shaddock (C. decuma'na) has a large and round 

 fruit ; skin yellow, with a white, spongy rind ; the pulp 

 sweet and juicy. This has been successfully cultivated, 

 in Devonshire, on the open walls, with protection in 

 winter, but no artificial heat. 



The Lemon (C. Limo'num). The Continental growers 

 are content to raise these from seed ; hence the great 

 difference in quality of the imported fruit. 



The Citron (C. Me'dica) has a rind thick, spongy, and 

 very fragrant ; pulp, sub-acid. 



Propagation. All the kinds will propagate freely by 

 cuttings, either of the young shoots, or of those riper in 

 character. They are prepared in the usual way, and 

 inserted in pots of sand. A close frame, with a bottom- 

 heat of 75, is necessary ; and they must be plunged. 

 They may be made at any period, excepting whilst the 

 plants are growing. Some cultivators put out long, 

 straight pieces of the Citron (which is easiest to propa- 

 gate), of two or three years' growth ; and, as soon as 

 they are rooted, they graft them. 



Layers root with facility, but do not make such fine 

 plants. 



Grafting. There are various ways of performing this 

 operation, dependent much on the size and character of 

 the stock. Some graft the young seedlings which were 

 sown in early spring : these, by bottom-heat and high 

 culture, are rendered fit for this operation in about four 

 or five months. No clay is used in this delicate opera- 

 tion, but a little fine moss. Some cut off the head of the 

 stock and crown-graft ; others attach the graft to the 

 growing shoot, as in ordinary whip-grafting. Budding 

 is also practised by some cultivators. 



Inarching has sometimes been practised by inarching 

 several plants on one large stock, in order to form a 

 head speedily. 



Stocks. The Citron has been mostly preferred ; the 

 Shaddock, however, makes a robust stock. M'Intosh 

 seems to recommend sowing any ordinary seeds from 

 such fruit, indeed, as have rotted in the warehouses, 

 from which he has had complete success. 



Seeds. The mode of rearing them thus is simple 

 enough. A light, rich soil and a lively bottom-heat, 

 with a somewhat close atmosphere, will produce plants 

 eighteen inches high in a few months. 



Soil and Culture. All the family love a generous soil. 

 One half a free, yet rich loam, and the other half composed 

 of leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and sandy heath-soil, 

 will grow them in high perfection, adding a little sand 

 and some charred materials. Care must be taken to 

 use the turfy loam in lumps, and to drain well ; indeed, 

 all the materials should be somewhat coarse. They 

 require liberal watering ; and it must, when given, 

 penetrate the whole mass of soil. They enjoy liquid- 

 manure occasionally. They are not only grown in pots 

 or tubs, but planted out as trees, and against walls and 

 trellises ; and they are equally adapted for all these 



modes of culture. Span-roofed houses would be highly 

 eligible for them as standards ; and the sides and ends, 

 being portable, might be removed in summer. The 

 Citron family are impatient of intense sunshine, being, 

 for the most part, natives of woods. A slight amount 

 of shading, therefore, becomes occasionally necessary. 

 The temperature during winter especially in houses 

 with opaque roofs must be very moderate : 48 to 50, 

 by means of fire heat, is quite sufficient. As light in- 

 creases with a returning spring, the thermometer may be 

 permitted to advance a little. In light houses, a ther- 

 mometer of 50 to 55 will do no injury. Here, however, 

 shading will, at times, be requisite. 



Fruit, uses, &c. Besides forming, in its natural state, 

 one of the adjuncts of the modern dessert, these fruits 

 are used in a variety of forms, both in confectionery, 

 sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus, the Seville, Bizarade, 

 or Bitter Orange, having a very bitter rind, is used for 

 marmalade, bitter tinctures, candied peel, and for 

 flavouring curacoa. The Bizarades are the kinds used 

 principally for the production of cut blossoms by the 

 French gardeners. The Bergamot has a pear-like 

 fragrance : from this the perfumer obtains his bergamot 

 essences. The Lime is used in flavouring punch and 

 confectionery. The Shaddock has a cooling and refresh- 

 ing juice ; and the fruit is a splendid addition, in appear- 

 ance, to the dessert. The Lemon is too well known to 

 need comment. The Citron is used for sweetmeats, 

 lemonade, and to flavour negus and punch. 



Diseases. We are not aware of anything which may 

 be strictly termed a disease of this genus. A black 

 fungus is frequently found on the leaf, having the appear- 

 ance of soot, and perhaps arguing a corrupt atmosphere, 

 through a too close confinement. This must be cleaned 

 away, by a sponge, with warm water. 



Insects. The aphis and the scale (coccus) are amongst 

 its principal enemies. The former may at all times be 

 readily destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may be 

 rubbed off by means of sponge bound on a stick, fre- 

 quently dipping the sponge in a liquor consisting of two 

 ounces of soft soap beat up in a gallon of water. 



CLADA'NTHUS. (From klados, a branch, and anthos, 

 a flower ; flowering at the end of the branches. Nat. 

 ord. Composites [Compositas] . Linn. ig-Syngenesia, 

 2-Superftua. Allied to Anthemis.) 



The annual from seeds, in April ; the evergreen from 

 cuttings, under a glass ; common soil. 

 C. ara'bicus (Arabian). 2. Yellow. July. Bombay. 



1759. Hardy annual. 

 cane'scens (whitish), i. Yellow. June. Canaries. 



1829. Greenhouse evergreen. 



proli'ferus (proliferous). 2. Yellow. July. N.Africa. 

 1759. Hardy Annual. 



CLADRA'STIS. (Derivation not clear. Nat. ord. 

 Leguminosa?.) 



Hardy, ornamental, deciduous trees, with racemes of 

 white flowers. Imported seeds, cuttings of the roots, 

 budding, grafting, or layering. Ordinary soil. 

 amure'nsis (Amurland). 6. White. Amur. 1880. 

 tincto'ria (dyer's). 15. White. July. N. Amer. 



1812. " Yellow Wood." 



au'reo-variega'ta (golden variegated). Leaves 

 variegated with yellow. 1907. 



CLANDESTI'NA PENDULIFLO RA. See LATHR^A 

 CLANDESTINA. 

 rectifto'ra. See LATHR^JA SQUAMARIA. 



CLA'REIA. (Named after Captain Clarke. Nat. ord. 

 Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn. S-Octandria, i-Monogynia.) 

 Hardy annuals. Seeds in common border, in March ; 

 or, in September, in reserve-garden, protected with a 

 few branches in frosty weather, and transplanted, in 

 spring, in patches, when they will bloom early, or sow 

 early in spring, where they are to be grown. 

 C. e'legans (elegant). 2. Rose, purple. July. Cali- 

 fornia. 1832. 

 flo're-ple'no (double-flowered), if. Pale rose. 



September. Gardens. 1827. 

 ,, ,, rhomboi'dea (diamond-petaled). See C. RHOM- 



BOIDEA. 



gauroi'des (gaura-like). See C. RHOMBOIDEA. 

 pulche'lla (pretty). 2. June. N. Amer. 1826. 



