COUTOUBEA 



246 



CRASSULA 



COUTOU'BEA. (From Couioubi, its name in Guiana. 

 Nat ord Oentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn. ^-Telran- 

 dria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Leianthus and Lisianthus.) 

 It is used in Guiana as a substitute for Gentian. 

 Stove annual and biennial plants. Sow in a mixture 

 of loam and peat, early in spring, in hotbed, frame, or 

 stove. 

 C. ramo'sa (branchy). 3- White. July. Brazil. 1824. 



Ajinual. 

 spica'ia (spiked). 2. White. July. Maran. 1823. 



Biennial. 

 verticilla'ta (whorled-headed) . See ENICOSTEMA 



LITTORALE. 



COVELLIA. SeeFicus. 



COWA'NIA. (Named after Mr. Cowan. Nat. ord. 

 Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, $-Trigyma. 

 Allied to Geum.) 



Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat and 

 loam ; propagated by cuttings under glass, in heat, 

 but not easily. 



C ericafo'lia (Heath-leaved). White. California. 

 mexica'na (Mexican), i to 6. Yellow. N.W. Amer. 

 plica'ta (piaitad-ZMMAi 2. Red. June. N.W. 

 Amer. 1835. 



COWBERRY. Vacci'nium Vi'tis-idce'a. 



COWDDSPINE. Ago.' this austra'lis. 



COW-DUNG. See DUNG. 



COW-GRASS. Trifo'lium medium. 



COW-HERB. Sapona'ria Vacca'ria. 



COW-ITCH. Mucu'na. 



COW-ITCH CHERRY. Malpi'gkia u'rens. 



COW-PARSNIP. Hem'deum. 



COW-SLIP. (Pri'mula officina'lis.) There are several 

 varieties, varying in colour from almost white to a very 

 deep yellow : some are single ; but others are double, 

 in the form that florists distinguish as hose-in-hose, the 

 calyx in these being converted into a corolla. Some 

 specimens will produce one hundred pips upon a single 

 truss ; and they have been known to yield even more 

 than one hundred and fifty. The cultivation is the same 

 as that of the Auricula. 



COW-TREE. Bro'simum Galactode'ndron. 



CRAB or WILD APPLE. Py'rus Ma'lus ace'rba. 



CRA'CCA. (Meaning not obvious. Nat. ord. Legumi- 

 nosae.) 



Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds. Cuttings of short 

 side-shoots, under a bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand. 

 C. ochroleu'ca (yellow-white). 3. Cream. Peru. 1789. 



CRA'MBE. Sea-kale. (The Greek name for Sea- 

 kale. Nat. ord. Crucifers [Cruciferae]. Linn. 15- 

 Tetradynamia.) 



The Tartar bread, or large, fleshy roots of Cra'mbe 

 Tata'rica, is eaten in Hungary in slices, with oil, salt, 

 and vinegar. Hardy herbaceous-rooted perennials, of 

 easy growth in rich garden-soil by root division, or seeds 

 sown in March. 



C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. White. May. Cau- 

 casus. 1822. 



hispa'nica '(Spanish). White. S.W. Europe. "Span- 

 ish Kale." 



ju'ncea (rush-like). 2. White. May. Iberia. 1828. 

 mari'tima (common sea-jfea/^). i. White. May. 



Britain. 



,, orienta'lis (oriental). White. Orient. 

 pinnati' fida (pinnatifid- leaved). \Vhite. Caucasus. 

 grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. 

 ,, renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). White. Spain. 

 ,, Tata'ria (Tataria). 3. White. June. Eastern 

 Europe. 1754. 



CRA'MBE MARITIMA or SEA-KALE should be 

 grown in an open situation. It is readily increased by 

 division of its roots, or by seeds. Raising from seed is 

 rarely resorted to by modern growers, the branching 

 roots from those taken up for early forcing, which are 

 cut off before the main stems are put in, afford ex- 

 cellent stock. They should be cut in lengths of about 



three inches, the top portion being cut straight across 

 and the lower part diagonally ; this prevents the sets 

 being planted the wrong way upwards. The sets may 

 be prepared as soon as the roots for forcing are dug up, 

 which will be after foliage has ripened off or been cut 

 off by frost. Kept in moist sand until a favourable 

 opportunity occurs for planting, they will, in good 

 ground, make strong crowns for forcing the following 

 winter. We remember the time when seedlings were 

 raised, but compared with the propagation from the 

 roots it was a very slow process. From rich, well-manured 

 ground very strong crowns may be grown in one season, 

 and when forcing we have had a second crop from the 

 same roots, but this would be much smaller though 

 equally good to eat. For forcing we have used any 

 large bulb cases or other boxes, placing them under the 

 stages of a warm house, covered over with an ordinary 

 bast mat, which should be kept moist ; it will be only a 

 short time before the kale is ready to cut. Market- 

 growers use pits, and cover with heated manure. For 

 later use the roots may be left in the ground and covered 

 with pots or, as is done on the south coast, with sea- 

 weed, and this is the best kale we get. And the sea- 

 weed is also a good manure for the next year's crop. 

 Some gardeners cut from the same roots year by year ; 

 yet most modern growers make new plantings every 

 season, even if some of the old are left over. We have 

 seen kale which has done well for some years ; but no 

 trade growers keep it over a year, except where it may 

 have to be left in the ground through unavoidable 

 circumstances. Yet we have seen it in private gardens, 

 where the same roots have done fairly well for several 

 seasons. Much depends upon manuring and forking 

 the ground up. Good ground is the chief essential 

 for growing, but when once strong stems or crowns are 

 established, any soil may be used for those dug up for 

 forcing. The chief thing being to cover, to keep out 

 daylight. Yet we have found that when grown fully 

 exposed it has been equally palatable, though for ordinary 

 purposes it is only the blanched that is appreciated. 



When forcing, never give too much heat. A moderate 

 heat and good covering are most essential. And tc 

 have it ready to cut at Christmas it should be started 

 about the middle of November, and for succession some 

 should be put in every fortnight. 



When left in the ground the liberal use of lime and 

 some salt will be beneficial, and stable manure may be 

 used liberally. 



CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus palu'stris. 

 CRANE'S-BILL. Gera'nium. 



CRANIO STOMA. From kranion, a cup, and stoma, 

 a mouth. Nat. ord. Labiatae.) 



Greenhouse evergreen, sub-shrub. Cuttings under a 

 bell-glass. Loam, peat, and sand. 



C. versi' 'color (changeable-coloured), i. Blue. August. 

 Himalaya. 1824. 



CRASPE'DIA. (From crassus, thick, and pes, a foot ; 

 peduncles thickened. Nat. ord. Compositae.) 



Half-hardy, silky, perennial herbs. Seeds ; divisions. 

 Loam, leaf-mould, and sand, and kept in a frame during 

 winter. 

 C. alpi'na (alpine). Flower-heads white. New Zealand. 



1909. 



,, unifto'ra (one-flowered), i. Deep yellow. New 

 Zealand. 1909. 



CRA'SSULA. (From the diminutive of crassus, thick, 

 or succulent ; in reference to their leaves, &c. Nat. 

 ord. Houseleeks [Crassulaceas]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i- 

 Monogynia.) 



Greenhouse plants from the Cape of Good Hope, 

 except where otherwise mentioned. 



ANNUALS. 



C. calici'na (large-calyxed). White. June. Australia. 



1823. Hardy. 



,, diftu'sa (diffuse), |. Pink. June. 1774. 

 ,, expa'nsa (expanded), i. White. June. 1774. 

 ,, gla'bra (smooth-c/ws/er). *. White. August. 1774. 

 ,, glomera'ta (round-headed). . White. September. 



1774- 

 Magno'lii (Magnol's). See SEDUM C^ESPITOSUM. 



