ESMERALDA 



340 



EUCALYPTUS 



in autumn, and an evergreen branch bent over them in 



severe weather, they will bloom early. 



E. ccespito'sa (tufted), i. Yellow. California. 



cuculla'ta (hooded), i. Lemon-yellow. California. 

 1894. 



mari'tima (maritime). Light yellow, with orange 

 blotch. California. 1894. 



calif o' mica (Calif ornian). i. September. California. 

 1826. 



compa'cta (compact), i. August. California. 

 1833. 



cro'cea (saffron-coloured). i. August. Cali- 

 fornia. 1833. 



Dougla'sii (Douglas's). Golden-yellow, 14 days 

 earlier than the rest. California. 1898. 



fumariafo'lia (fumaria- leaved). See HUNNEMANNIA 



FUMARI^FOLIA. 



tenuifo'lia (tender-leaved). See E. C^SPITO'SA. 

 ESMEBA'LDA. See ARACHNANTHE. 



ESPALIERS. A term used to express modes of train- 

 ing fruit-trees on rails of iron or wood, as bordering to 

 the walks of kitchen-gardens, whereby the margins are 

 rendered more ornamental, and the walls are relieved 

 of many trees for the benefit of others top tender to 

 withstand the ordinary rigours of our climate. The 

 forms of these trellises vary much ; some are placed 

 perpendicularly, others horizontal, and others, again, in 

 a curved or saddle-like form, with various other shapes 

 which the fancy of the owner, or the peculiar situation, 

 may dictate. These rails are generally placed within a 

 few feet of the garden-walk, having, also, another walk 

 or alley at the back, in order to facilitate operations. 

 Espaliers being nearer to the ground than ordinary 

 standards, we need hardly say that in such a position 

 they are warmer. The mode of training tends to check 

 exuberance of growth, which is of some service in a 

 dwarfing, and, by consequence, an early fruiting system. 

 The trees are completely within reach for stopping, and 

 various other manipulations, which, on standards, re- 

 quire ladders and other cumbrous machines. Again, a 

 much greater collection of fruits may be cultivated, in 

 any garden, by an espalier system, than by the ordinary 

 course of culture. The espalier system can be rendered 

 conducive to the greatest amount of produce, as well as 

 to the most ornamental appearance. 



Form of Trellis. This is very material. There are 

 fruits which must have sunshine to perfect them, yet 

 will succeed with a moderate share. There are others 

 which will succeed in what is commonly termed a 

 northern aspect ; such are adapted for the northern 

 side of trellises, which run east and west. Again, others 

 must have a full exposure to the sun. Kitchen-gardens 

 are mostly rectangular, and if most or all of the margins 

 be appropriated to trellises, there will be a great differ- 

 ence between those which run north and south and east 

 and west. To avoid over-shadowing, we think that 

 what have been termed Table Trellises, that is, those 

 which present a flat surface, parallel to the horizon, at 

 about a foot or half a yard from the ground are by far 

 the best for the majority of fruits. 



Perpendicular Rails are, however, very well adapted 

 for many of our fruits, and if iron is not used, a very 

 nice, but somewhat perishable structure may be formed 

 by means of wood. Permanent stakes of oak, larch, &c., 

 may be driven at from two to three feet apart perpendicu- 

 larly, and temporary stakes driven as wanted between 

 them, of more perishable material. The temporary, or 

 intervening stakes are to be movable at pleasure, and 

 when the trees acquire a strong fabric, may be entirely 

 dispensed with. 



The Strained-wire Rail is, however, much superior, 

 and will, doubtless, prove most economical in the end. 

 Such, well-constructed, with stone bases to the iron 

 uprights, would endure a century, and are, at least, 

 particularly to be recommended for trees of slender 

 wood. As for perpendicular iron treillage, an ordinary 

 field hurdle will give a pretty good idea ; the distance 

 between the rails being, of course, ruled by the mode of 

 growth of the tree. 



With regard to Arched or Saddle Trellises, we would 

 speak with some caution. Running north and south, 

 and occupied with trees properly adapted, they will 

 doubtless succeed, and they are assuredly ornamental. 



Gooseberries and currants we have found conveniently 

 trainable to a cheap trellis in the form of pairs of 

 stakes, crossed like the letter X, and placed in a row. 

 It is not the least advantage attendant upon this mode 

 of training that the fruit is easily covered and protected. 



ESPELE'TIA. (Named in compliment to Don Jose ac 

 Espelela, a governor of Colombia. Nat. ord. Compositas.) 

 Evergreen, greenhouse plants with woolly leaves 

 Fibrous loam and peat, with an abundance of sand. The 

 leaves must be kept dry in winter. 

 E. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. Yellow. Colombia. 1845. 

 grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 10. Yellow. Colombia. 

 ,, neriifo'lia (Nerium-leaved). 2 to 3. Yellow. Vene- 

 zuela. 



ESTERHA'ZYA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord. 

 Scrophulariaceae. ) 



Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand, in bottom- 

 heat. Loam, peat, and sand. 

 E. sple'ndida (splendid). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820. 



ETIOLATION. The same as blanching. 



EUADE'NIA. (From eu, well, and aden, a gland ; in 

 allusion to glands in the flowers. Nat. ord. Cappari- 



A dwarf, shrubby stove plant. Cuttings in sand, in 

 a close case, with bottom-heat. Good fibrous loam, 

 with plenty of sand. 



E. e'minens (eminent). Greenish-yellow. January. 

 Trop. Africa. 1861. 



EUCALY'PTUS. Gum-tree. (From eu, good, and 

 kaluptos, covered; referring to the flower-envelope, or 

 calyx, which covers the flower and falls off like a cap. 

 Nat. ord. Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. i2-Icosandria, 

 i-Monogynia. Allied to Metrosideros.) 



Greenhouse evergreen trees, from Australia, except 

 where otherwise indicated, and all with white blossoms. 

 Cuttings of young, firm side-shoots in the beginning of 

 summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and 

 loam ; a cool greenhouse. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 

 Most of them in warm places will do well against walls, 

 with a little protection, if dryness is secured. 

 E. acmenioi'des (Acmena-like). Australia. 



,, ala'ia (winged). 1816. 



,, alpi'na (Alpine). Australia. 



amygdali'na (almond-leaved). 1830. 



andrea'na (Andrean). White. Somewhat similar to 

 E. amygdalina. 1890. 



botryoi'des (bunch-like). Australia. 



calophy'lla (beautiful-leaved). 1885. 



citriodo'ra (lemon-scented). 1881. Foliage fragrant. 



cocci'fera (berry-bearing). 20. Purple. December. 

 Tasmania. 



corda'ta (heart-shaped). Tasmania. 



coria'cea (leathery). See E. PAUCIFLORA. 



cornu'ta (horned). 20 to 80. Red, yellow. 



corymbo'sa (corymb-flowered). 1788. 



cosmophy'lla (orderly-leaved). S. Australia. 



,, cotinifo'lia (cotinus-leaved). 1818. 



erythrone'ma (red-filamented). 20. Filaments red. 

 W. Australia. 1903. 



eugenioi'des (Eugenia-like). 1830. 



ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). Crimson. W. Australia. 1882. 



,, gigante'a (giant). Australia. 



Glo'bulus (globuled). 150. 1810. 



gomphoce'phala (nail-headed). Australia. 



Gu'nnii (Gunn's). Victoria. Hardy in some districts. 



monta'na (mountain). 1901. Hardy in the east 

 and south of England. 



,, hczma'stoma (bloody-mouthed). 30. 1803. 



,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). See E. OBLIQUA. 



hirsu'ta (hairy). See ANGOPHORA CORDIFOLIA. 



,, hyper icifo'lia (Hypericum-leaved). 1823. 



,, incrassa'ia (thickened). 6. 1818. 



,, Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Australia. 



leuco'xylon (white-wood). White. " Iron Bark." 



> purpu'rea (purple). Bright purple. 1909. 



,, longifo'lia (long-leaved). See E. AMYGDALINA. 



,, macra'ndra (large-anthered). Australia. 



macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. June. 1842. 



macula' ta (blotched). Australia. 



margina'ta (thick-edged). May. 1794. 



,, me'dia (intermediate). 1823. 



