FAGELTA 



350 



FALL 



FAGELJA. (Named after Fagel, a botanist. Nat. 

 ord. Leguminous Plants [Leguminpsae]. Linn. ij-Dia- 

 delphia, \-Decandria. Allied to Cajanus.) 



Greenhouse evergreen tvwner. Seeds, steeped in warm 

 water, sown in light soil, and put in a mild hotbed. 

 Cuttings of the points of young shoots before they get 

 hard, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam, both 

 sandy and lumpy. Winter temp., 40 to 48. 

 F. biiumino'sa (pitchy). 4. Yellowish-purple. June. 

 S. Africa. 1774. 



FAGOPY'RUM. (From phago, to eat, and pyren, a 

 kernel ; referring to the triangular kernel of the nut. 

 Nat. ord. Buckwheats [Polygonaceae]. Linn. 8-Octandria, 

 %-Trigynia. Allied to Polygonum.) 



Hardy annual. Seed in April. Common soil. 

 F. cymo'sum (cymed). Pink. July. Nepaul. 1827. 

 escule'ntum (esculent), i to 3. White to pink. 



Summer. Europe. Northern Asia (England). 

 tata'ricum (Tartarian), i to 3. White. Summer. 

 Europe, &c. 



FAGR2E A. (Named after Dr. Fagraus. Nat. ord. 

 Loganiads [Logan iaceae]. Linn. ^-Pentandria, i-Mono- 

 gynia. Allied to Logania.) 



Loganiads stand foremost among the most deadly 

 poisons in the vegetable kingdom. Stove evergreen 

 trees. Cuttings of young shoots beginning to get firm, 

 in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; 

 peat and loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; winter, 

 55 to 60. 

 F. auricula ta (auricled). Yellow. Burma. Malaya. 



ceila'nica (Cingalese). 12. White. Ceylon. 1816. 



imperia'lis (imperial). See F. AURICULATA. 



lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). White. Java. 



obova'ta (reversed-egg-leaved). 20. White. Silhet. 

 1816. 



zeyla'nica (Ceylon). See F. CEILANICA. 



PA'GUS. The Beech. (From phago, to eat ; referring 

 to the edible seeds. Nat. ord. Mastworts [Cupuliferae]. 

 Linn. zi-Moncccia, g-Polyandria.) 



By seeds, gathered in autumn, dried in the sun, kept 

 dry during the winter, and sown in light soil, in March. 

 They might be sown in the autumn, only mice, &c., 

 make havoc among them ; loamy soil, over chalk, suits 

 them well, as the roots seldom run deep. The different 

 varieties are propagated by grafting in March and April. 

 The male catkins, when swept up, are often used for 

 packing fruit, and filling pillows for the poor man's bed. 

 The morel and the truffle are chiefly found under beeches. 



HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS. 



F. beiuloi'des (birch-like). 50. Magellan. 1830. Hardy. 

 cliff or tioi'des (Cliff ortia-like). New Zealand. 

 Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Australia. 1843. 

 fu'sca (brown). New Zealand. 

 Menzie'sii (Menzies*). New Zealand. 

 Moo'rei (Moore's). Australia. 



HARDY DECIDUOUS. 



F. anta'rctica (antarctic). 50. Magellan. 1830. 

 uligino'sa (marsh). Leaves heart-shaped. Chili 



and Argentina. 1906. 



Costa 'nea (Chestnut). See CASTANEA SATIVA. 

 castaneafo'lia (Chestnut- leaved). See F. SYLVATICA 



CASTANEjEFOLIA. 



comptonitzfo'lia (Comptonia-leaved). See F. SYL- 

 VATICA HETEROPHYLLA. 



ferrugi'nea (rusty). 30. June. N. Amer. 1766. 



carohnia'na (Carolinian). See F. FERRUGINEA. 



pube'scens (downy). Leaves hairy beneath. 

 Massachusetts. 1907. 



grandifo'lia pube'scens (downy). See F. FERRUGINEA 



PUBESCENS. 



obli'qua (oblique). Leaves dark green above, glaucous 

 below. Southern Chili. 1906. 



orienta'lis (oriental). Crown pyramidal. Asia Minor, 

 N. Persia, &c. 1907. 



purpu'rea (purple). See F. SYLVATICA PURPUREA. 



sylva'tica (wood). 70 to 80. June. Britain. 



america'na (American). 100. May. N. Amer. 



Anso'rgei (Ansorg's). See F. SYLVATICA HETERO- 

 PHYLLA. 



E. sylva'tica asia'tica (Asiatic). 



atropurpu' rea (dark purple). Leaves dark purple. 

 atropurpu'rea Roha'ni (Rohan's). Leaves deeply 



cut, copper-coloured. 1894. 

 ,, alroru'bens (dark red). 30. June. 

 ,, ,, au'rea Spce'thii (Spath's golden). 

 au'reo-variega'ta (golden-variegated). 

 castaneafo'lia (Chestnut-leaved). June. N. Amer. 

 cochlea'ta (shell-like). 

 ,, conglomera ta (crowded). 



conglomera' ta Bandrille'ri (Bandriller's). 1888. 

 crista'ta (crested). 30. May. 

 cu'prea (copper). Leaves copper-coloured. 



" Copper Beech." 

 fastigia'ta (erect). Branches erect. " Dawyck 



Beech." 



,, fo'liis arge'nteis (silvery). May. 

 fo'liis arge ' nteo-marmora' 'tis (marbled - silver). 



Young leaves speckled white. 1899. 

 ,, ,, fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved). June. 

 ,, ,, fo'liis stria'tis (leaves striated). Leaves with 



golden lines. 1892. 

 grandidenta' ta (large-toothed). 

 ,, heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. April, May. 



" Fern-leaved Beech." 



inci'sa (cut-leaved). See F. SYLVATICA HETERO- 

 PHYLLA. 



., ni'gra (black). Leaves nearly black. 

 ,, ,, pe' ndula (pendulous). May. Gardens. " Weep- 

 ing Beech." 

 .1 . purpu'rea (purple). 40 to 50. May. " Purple 



Beech." 

 > purpu'rea pe'ndula (pendulous). May. "Weeping 



Purple Beech." 

 ,, purpu'rea ro'seo-margina'ta (rose-edged-purple). 



Leaves copper, edged rose. 1888. 

 ,, rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). Leaves nearly 



orbicular. 1894. 

 tri'color (three-coloured). Leaves purple-green, 



spotted carmine-rose, and white. 1885. 

 variega'ta (variegated). 

 Zla'tia (Zlatia). Leaves golden- tin ted. Servia. 



1892. " Golden Beech." 



FAIRY RINGS. On meadows, pastures, and frequently 

 on garden lawns, dark green circles or broken circles 

 may be observed. They are due to the presence of 

 fungi, which live and feed in the soil, and extend their 

 area radially in ever-widening circles from year to year. 

 The grass inside the circles is usually poorer in character, 

 often with dead patches, owing to the fungi having 

 absorbed the nutriment of the grasses. The most 

 common fungus forming these rings is Marasmius oreades, 

 but some of the Agarics, such as the field and horse 

 mushrooms, also occur, and at their proper season appear 

 above the soil. In the following year they appear in a 

 ring outside the previous one. The injured grass may 

 be restored by means of a good top dressing of soil and 

 well-rotted manure during the winter. Grass seed may 

 be sown upon the bare patches towards the end of March 

 or the beginning of April. Four soakings of Bordeaux 

 mixture, given at intervals of eight days, will also 

 destroy the fungus. 



FA'LKIA. (Named after Folk, a Swedish botanist. 

 Nat. ord. Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn. $-Pen- 

 tandria, i-Digynia.) 



Greenhouse evergreen creeper. Cuttings under a 

 hand-glass, in sandy peat, in April or May ; peat and 

 loam. Winter temp., 35 to 45. 



F. re'pens (creeping). J. Pink. July. Cape of Good 



Hope. 1774- 



FALL OF THE LEAF. Dr. Lindley thus explains this 

 phenomenon : In the course of time a leaf becomes 

 incapable of performing its functions ; its passages are 

 choked up by the deposit of sedimentary matter ; there 

 is no longer a free communication between its veins and 

 the wood and liber. It changes colour, ceases to de- 

 compose carbonic acid, absorbs oxygen instead, gets 

 into a morbid condition, and dies ; it is then thrown off. 

 This phenomenon, which we call the fall of the leaf, is 

 going on the whole year. Those trees which lose the 

 whole of their leaves at the approach of winter, and are 

 called deciduous, begin, in fact, to cast their leaves 

 within a few weeks after the commencement of their 



