FLUEGGEA 



358 



FORK 



the clear, by two or three bricks on edge deep, ranged 

 horizontally one over the other the whole length of the 

 back wall, in three or four returns communicating with 

 each other, continued, also, along the end and front 

 walls in one or two ranges, to be used occasionally ; 

 furnished with a regulator to slide open and shut as re- 

 quired, the whole proceeding from the first lowermost 

 flue, which communicates immediately from the furnace 

 or fireplace behind either the back wall at one end, or 

 in the back part of the end walls ; or if very long stoves, 

 of more than forty feet length, two fireplaces are re- 

 quisite, one at each end ; each having its set of flues 

 ranging half-way ; each set of flues terminating in an 

 upright chimney at the end of the back outside. Flues 

 are merely chimneys horizontal, instead of being entirely 

 upright, terminating, however, generally in an upright 

 tube or shaft, which discharges their contents into the 

 open air. They are most effectual when they traverse 

 the ends and the front of the house ; as, if the back wall 

 is a solid material, there can be less danger of cold there. 

 Arrangements must be made for a good draught, by 

 having the bottom of the furnace two feet below the 

 level of the bottom of the flue. The flue should, after 

 entering the house, rise a little to the extreme end. It 

 should stand a little raised above the floor, and never be 

 placed below it, unless when well supplied with air by 

 cross drains. It should be constructed of the best brick 

 and tiles, be plastered over if a strong heat is necessary, 

 and merely whitewashed if a heat is only wanted occa- 

 sionally. Evaporating basins should be secured, so that 

 the atmosphere be supplied with moisture as well as 

 heat. See STOVE. 



FLUE'GGEA. See OPHIOPOGON. 



FLU'GGEA. (Named in compliment to the German 

 botanist Herr John Flugge. Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae.) 



A stove shrub. Cuttings in sand in bottom-heat, and 

 not overwatered. Fibrous loam and plenty of sand. 

 F. Leucopy'rus (white-pear). Fruit white. E. Ind. 1825. 

 microca'rpa (small-fruited). August. Tropics Old 

 World. 1806. 



FLY. See BLACK FLEA. 



FLYWORT. Mya'nthus, a section or group of Cata- 

 setum, 



FCENI'CULUM. Fennel. (The classical name for this 

 or some similar plant. Nat. ord. Umbelliferee.) 



See FENNEL FOR CULTIVATION. 

 F. du'lce (sweet) and F. officina'le (shop). See F. 



VULGARE. 



piperi'tum (pepper). 6. Yellow. July. Italy. 1824. 

 ,, vulga're (common). 2 to 4. Yellow. July to Sep- 

 tember. Britain. 



FCETTDIA. (From fostidus, fetid ; referring to the 

 unpleasant smell of the leaves and wood. Nat. ord. 

 Myrtleblooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn. iz-Icosandria, %-Poly- 

 gyma. Allied to Gustavia.) 



Cuttings of ripe wood, with the leaves remaining, in 

 sand, in spring, under a bell-glass, and in heat ; fibrous 

 loam and turfy peat, with silver sand. Summer temp., 

 60 to 75 ; winter, 48 to 55. 



F. maurilia'na (Mauritius). 26. White. Mauritius. 

 1825. 



FOGGING-OFF. The same as damping-off. 



FOKDE'NIA. (From Fokien, a province of Eastern 

 China. Nat. ord. Coniferae.) 



An evergreen tree, hardy in the more favoured parts 



of Britain and Ireland. Seeds ; cuttings in a cold frame, 



introduced to gentle heat after callusing. Ordinary soil. 



F. Hodgi'nsii (Captain Hodgins'). 30 to 40 ; girth 3 ft. 



Fokien, Eastern China. 1909. 



FOLLICLE, a seed-vessel of one entire piece, and one- 

 celled, bursting lengthwise, and having the seeds on or 

 near its edges, on a receptacle parallel with it. Examples 

 are the seed-vessels of the Periwinkle and Paeony. 



FONTANE'SIA. (In honour of the French botanist, 

 Des Fontaines. Nat. ord. Oliveworts [Oleacese]. Linn. 

 'z-Diandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Lilac.) 



Grafted standard high on the Manna Ash (O'rnus) it 

 would make an interesting object on lawns. It resembles 

 the common Privet, but with rough bark. Layers and 



cuttings under a hand-glass, in autumn, and by grafting 



on the Privet. When grown to a single stem it has 



a graceful appearance, owing to its slender, drooping 



branches. 



F. Fortu'nei (Fortune's). China. 1859. 



phillyrceoi'des (Phillyraea-like). 12. Yellow. August. 

 Syria. 1787. 



,, ,, longifo'lia, (long-leaved). 



FORCING is compelling culinary vegetables to be 

 edible, flowers to bloom, and fruits to ripen at unnatural 

 seasons, being the very contrary of the object for which 

 our greenhouses and hothouses are constructed ; viz. to 

 secure a temperature in which their tenants will be in 

 perfection at their natural seasons. Under the heads of 

 HOTBEDS, and of each particular plant, will be found 

 directions for forcing, and it will be sufficient here to 

 coincide with Dr. Lindley in saying, that as forced flowers 

 are always less beautiful and less fragrant, and forced 

 vegetables and fruits less palatable and less nutritious 

 than those perfected at their natural periods, it is de- 

 sirable, at the very least, to devote as much effort and 

 expense to obtain superior produce at accustomed times, 

 as to the procuring it unseasonably. Rarity is good, but 

 excellence is best. 



FORE-RIGHT SHOOTS are the shoots which are 

 emitted directly in front of branches trained against a 

 wall, and, consequently, cannot be trained in without 

 an acute bending, which is always in some degree in- 

 jurious. 



FORE-SHORTENING. A method of pruning back 

 fruit-trees in summer, and of pruning forest-trees at any 

 time, by which the lower branches are shortened, without 

 removing them altogether. 



FORESTEE'RA. (A commemorative name. Nat. ord. 

 Oleaceae.) 



Hardy shrubs allied to the Privet. Grafting on the 

 Privet ; layers ; cuttings in autumn, under a cold frame 

 or hand-light. Ordinary garden soil. 

 F. acumina'ta (long- pointed). Greenish-white. Southern 



United States. 



,, neomexica'na (New Mexican). Flowers small. Berries 

 blue-black. N.W. Amer. 1898. 



FORFICULA AURICULARIA. See EARWIO. 

 FORGET-ME-NOT. Myoso'tis palu'stris. 



FORK. This instrument is preferable to the spade, 

 even for digging over open compartments, for the soil 

 can be reversed with it as easily as with the spade ; the 

 labour is diminished, and the pulverisation oi tfte soil 

 is more effectual. (See DIGGING.) For stirring the soil 

 in plantations, shrubberies, and fruit-borders, a two- 

 pronged fork is often employed; but that with three 

 prongs is quite as unobjectionable, and a multiplicity of 

 tools is an expensive folly. Dr. Yelloly's fork is certainly 

 a good working implement. Entire length, three feet 

 three and a half inches ; handle's length, two feet two 

 inches ; its diameter, one and a half inch ; width of 

 the entire prongs, seven inches at the top ; width at the 

 points, six inches ; prongs, thirteen and a half inches long, 

 and at the top seven-eighths of an inch square, tapering 

 to a point. The straps fixing the head to the handle 

 are eleven inches long, two inches wide, and half an inch 

 thick, feathering off ; weight of fork, eight pounds. 



Leaf-fork. Mr. Toward, of Bagshot Park, describes a 

 very serviceable implement of this kind. He says : " One 

 person with this implement will take up with greater 

 facility more leaves than two persons could do with any 

 other tool. It is simply a large four-tined fork, made of 

 wood, shod with iron ; the tines are eighteen inches long, 

 and are morticed into a head about seventeen inches 

 long, and one and a half inch by two and a quarter inches 

 thick. The tines are one inch in width, and one and a 

 half inch in depth at the head, gradually tapering to a 

 point, with a curve or bend upwards. The wood of which 

 they are formed ought to be hard and tough ; either oak 

 or ash will do, but the Robi'nia Pseu' d-aca' cia is prefer- 

 able to either. The head should be made of ash, with a 

 handle of the same, and should be two feet four inches 

 long. Its recommendations are its size and lightness ; 

 the leaves, also, do not hang upon it as on a common 

 fork, the large size of the tines tearing them asunder." 



