GRAPE PHYLLOXERA 



398 



GREEN DRAGON 



GRAPE PHYLLOXERA or VINE LOUSE (Phyllo'xera 

 vasta'trix). Of all the insect enemies that from time to 

 time infest the vine' none is more to be dreaded than 

 Phylloxera, intermediate between the Coccideae and the 

 Aphides, but as the winged stage most resembles the 

 members of the latter family it is retained in that group. 

 Numerous instances of it have been found in vineries in 

 this country, but as they were mostly confined to the 

 larva stage and wingless females, their mode of dis- 

 tribution is limited by comparison with their kind in 

 France and America, where the winged forms serve to 

 scatter the pest far and wide. 



A wingless form lives upon the roots, and is charac- 

 terised by being fleshy, yellow-brown, with tubercles on 

 the back. During the larval stage it moults three times, 

 and the female attains the adult stage in twenty days 

 and lays about thirty eggs. About eight generations 

 are produced in the course of a year. 



Another wingless form produces galls upon the leaves, 

 and is somewhat like the root form, but is almost without 

 tubercles on the back, and is fat-looking, with very short 

 legs. The gall form is always female, and lays her eggs 

 in the gall she herself forms. 



During July, August, and September, winged male 

 and female forms are developed from the root form, 

 and these are most to be dreaded, because they are con- 

 cerned in perpetuating and disseminating the pest far 

 and wide. The wingless root forms are the most de- 

 structive to the vine in proportion to the number of 

 insects upon the roots, as the latter get destroyed, and 

 the vine succumbs in the course of three or four years. 



Remedies. An immense number of remedies have been 

 tried with very little success in eradicating the pest, 

 without also destroying the Vines. Flooding the border 

 with water, at intervals during the autumn and winter 

 months, for five or six weeks each time, is perhaps the 

 most efficacious method of destroying the root form 

 or hybernating stage. In most, if not all, cases of the 

 pest hi this country, only dry and warm inside borders 

 were affected, the outside borders being relatively or 

 entirely free from it. Bi-sulphide of carbon has been 

 employed with success, but found to be expensive. 

 Several gardeners have cleared out the whole of their 

 vines, together with the soil of the borders, and after 

 thoroughly cleaning the interior, introduced fresh soil 

 and planted young vines, with successful results. Graft- 

 ing European vines upon the roots of American vines has 

 proved beneficial in the vineyards of France, because 

 they can then make fairly satisfactory growth in spite of 

 the louse. 



GRAPTOPHY'LLUM. (From grapho, to write, and 

 Phulion, a leaf ; referring to the markings on the leaves. 

 Nat. ord. Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, 

 i-Monogynia. Allied to Beloperone.) 



Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots, 

 just getting a little firm, and a heel of the older wood 

 at its base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and 

 loam. Summer temp., 55 to 75 ; winter, 50 to 55. 

 G. Ea'rlii (Earl's). 10-12. Red. Australia. 

 horte'nse (garden). 2-3. Crimson. Trop. Asia. 



1815. 

 pictura'tum (painted). Leaves larger than the 



type. 1895. 



lu'rido-sangui'neum (lurid-red). Leaves with blood- 

 red veins. 

 mediattra' turn (golden-centred). See APHELANDRA 



MEDIAURATA. 



pi'ctum (painted). See G. HORTENSE. 

 versi'color (changing-coloured). Leaves with rose 

 and white blotches. India. 1861. 



GRASSES FOR LAWNS. See LAWNS. 



GRA'TIOLA. Hedge Hyssop. (From gratia, grace ; 

 referring to its medicinal virtues. Nat. ord. Figworls 

 [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia. 

 Allied to Mimulus.) 



Hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the plants in 

 spring ; rich, moist soil. Latifo'lia and tetrago'na require 

 the protection of a frame in whiter. 

 G. au'rea (golden). |. Yellow. June. N. Amer. 1820. 

 carolinie' nsis (Carolinian). See G. VIRGINIANA. 

 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). See G. PERUVIAN A. 

 megaloca'rpa (large-fruited). Pale yellow. July. 

 N. Amer. 1828. 



G. officina'lis (common-shop), i. Light blue. July. 



Europe. 1568. 

 , mi' nor (smaller). 

 , peruvia'na (Peruvian), i. White. July. Trop. 



Amer., Australia, and New Zealand. 1822. 

 , pilo'sa (hairy). White. July. N. Amer. 1827. 

 , quadridenta' ta (four- toothed). See G. RAMOSA. 

 , ramo'sa (branched). J. White. June. N. Amer. 



1821. 

 ,, spharoca'rpa (spherical- fruited), i. Yellow. August. 



N. Amer. 1759. 

 ,, tetrago'na (square-stemmed). See STEMODIA LOBELI- 



OIDES. 

 ,, veroniccefo' 'lia (Veronica-leaved). See BONNAYA 



VERONIC/EFOLIA. 



virginia'na (Virginian). N. Amer. 



,, virgi'nica (Virginian). See G. SPH^ROCARPA. 



GRAVEL WALKS, like all other walks, require a good 

 substratum of drainage, and the facing about five inches 

 deep of gravel. It must have no stones mixed with it 

 larger than good-sized marbles, and about one-fourth of 

 it must be much finer to fill the interstices. Pit-gravel, 

 with a slight admixture of clay, and the more rubbly the 

 better, is the best for binding and forming a solid walk. 

 The more speedily it is laid down after digging from the 

 pit, the more firmly will it bind. 



The following is an excellent plan to make or turn 

 gravel walks in dry weather : If of a sandy or gravelly 

 nature, strew a little clay or marl upon the walk. When 

 turned over, take away the large stones and place them 

 at the bottom of the soil. Immediately after you level 

 your walk, apply your iron roller steadily, and let a 

 labourer follow the roller, pouring upon it water regularly 

 as it passes over the ground ; in twenty-four hours after, 

 if the weather is dry, it will be as solid as a stone-floor. 



The best method of extirpating grass from a gravel 

 walk, is to spread salt in considerable quantities over its 

 whole surface ; and if, after the first application, it is 

 found that portions of the grass still exist, let another 

 coating of salt be applied, which will effectually destroy 

 it. Care must be taken, however, if the walk is edged 

 with box, that the salt does not come in contact with it, 

 otherwise it will destroy the edging also. 



In the early part of April, gravel walks are usually 

 turned. After the walk has been broken up and levelled, 

 and a facing of new gravel spread over, this ought to be 

 left for three or four days, and until a shower of rain has 

 fallen, before the roller is used. This bleaches the gravel, 

 and washes down the fine particles, so that, immediately 

 after rolling, the walk is solid, and has a clean, bright 

 surface. 



The above directions relate to the old system of gravel- 

 walk making ; but we strongly recommend the general 

 adoption of CONCRETE WALKS, which see. They are far 

 more durable, and free from weeds. 



GRAVE SIA. (Commemorative of Mr. Graves, a plant 

 collector in Madagascar. Nat. ord. Melastomaceae.) 



Fine foliaged stove herbs allied to Bertolonia. Seeds ; 

 cuttings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. Loam 

 and leaf-mould in equal proportions, with sand. A 

 humid atmosphere must be maintained. 

 G. gutta'ta (spotted). Lilac. Madagascar. 1864. 

 a'lbo-punctilla'ta (white-speckled). Madagascar. 



1864. 

 ,, margarita'cea (pearly). Leaves thickly spotted 



with white. Madagascar. 1862. 

 ,, ro'sea-punctilla'ta (rose-speckled). Madagascar. 



1864. 



supe'rba (superb). Leaves with rosy spots. 

 Madagascar. 1879. 



GRA'YA. (Commemorative of A sa Gray, an American 

 botanist. Nat. ord. Chenppodiaceae.) 



A hardy bush, with whitish twigs and dull green leaves. 

 Seeds ; cuttings in sandy soil in a cold frame. Ordinary 

 soil. 



G. polygaloi'des (Polygala-like). 2-3. Fruits rose. N.W. 

 Amer. 1894. 



GREAT BURNET. Pote'riunt officina'le. 

 GREAT CENTAUREA. Centau'rea Centau'rium. 

 GREEN DRAGON. Arisce'ma Draco' ntium. 



