INTERMEDIATE 



456 



IONOPSIDIUM 



spoken of as if it were. The conditions that favour it 

 should not be allowed to exist, or if they cannot be 

 avoided a sharp look-out should always be kept to 

 prevent the pest from getting a footing, and to use the 

 syringe freely and often where the nature of the plants 

 or the season permit of it. Water on the foliage and 

 moisture in the atmosphere are the enemies of red spider. 

 Painting the hot-water pipes with a mixture of water 

 and flowers of sulphur will destroy the enemy in vineries 

 and other houses where syringing would be injurious to 

 the Vines, grapes, or other occupants of the houses. A 

 small mite (Tarsonymus) often does great injury to 

 Begonias, Streptocarpus, Gloxinias, Crotons, and Vines. 

 The danger is that the damage may be done before the 

 tiny, colourless pest is noticed. Water may be used 

 freely, but it should be made more effective by using 

 soft soap, Gishurst Compound, or sulphur in it. Clear 

 soot water has also answered the purpose, by syringing 

 the affected plants with it. The pest may appear at 

 any time, but chiefly in summer. 



Chermes Abietis, sometimes known as Adelges Abietis, 

 is an insect closely allied to the Aphides, but having no 

 honey tubes. The form that produces galls upon the 

 young twigs of Spruce trees settles near the base of 

 expanding buds and, inserting its beak at the base of 

 the young leaves, causes swellings resembling young cones 

 to form near the tips or lower down the twigs. When 

 numerous, these galls have a stunting effect upon the 

 trees, upon which they turn woody and remain long 

 after the Chermes has left them. These galls may be 

 cut off and burned to kill the insects in them. 



Cockroaches include the common one (Blatta orientalis), 

 more frequent in dwelling-houses than hothouses, and 

 the American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana), which 

 is very destructive to plants in warm plant-houses where 

 it gets established. It is a large insect, about ij in. 

 long, in. wide, with grey-brown wing-cases, longer than 

 the body. It may be caught in a variety of ways by 

 putting some strong-smelling or syrupy liquid in deep 

 jars, standing these in its haunts over night, and placing 

 some pieces of wood against the jars, so that the insects 

 may climb to the edge, drop in, and so get drowned. 

 The quickest way to destroy the pest is to get some 

 phosphorus paste, spread some of it on pieces of bread, 

 and lay the same on pieces of tile or slate about the 

 infested houses at night, picking up the baits in the 

 morning and placing them out of harm's way during the 

 day. The dead cockroaches need not be gathered up, 

 as the live ones are cannibals, and get poisoned by eating 

 their dead brethren. 



See also SLUGS, SNAILS, SCALE INSECTS, SNOWY FLY, 

 WOODLICE, &c. 



INTERMEDIATE. A species is often named inter- 

 mediate, because possessing the different characteristics 

 of two others. 



A hothouse is intermediate when kept at a temperature 

 higher than that usual in a greenhouse, and lower than 

 that usual in a stove. 



I'NTJLA. (A word of doubtful origin, said to be a 

 corruption of helenium. Nat. ord. Composites [Com- 

 posita?]. Linn. ig-Syngencsia, 2-Superflua.) 



I'nula Hcle'nium, or Elecampane, furnishes the Vin 

 d'Aulnfe of the French. Hardy herbaceous perennials, 

 with yellow flowers. The annuals not being worth 

 cultivating, are omitted. Seeds, or divisions of the 

 roots ; common garden-soil. They are interesting, 

 though rather rough-looking. 

 /. barba'ta (bearded), x. Yellow. Himalaya. 



,, ma'jor (greater), i. Heads larger. 



bi'frons (two-leaved), i. Yellow. Eastern Europe. 



brita'nnica (British), i. Yellow. Europe (England) . 



calyci'na (large-calyxed) . See I. MONTANA. 



crithmpi'des (Crithmum-like). i. Yellow. Europe 

 (Britain). " Golden Samphire." 



dysente'rica (dysenteric). See PULICARIA D YSENTERICA. 



ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). J. August. Austria. 1793. 



germa'nica (German). 4. July. Germany. 1759. 



gla'bra (smooth). See I. SALICINA. 



glandulo'sa (glanded). 2. August. Georgia. 1804. 



fimbria'ta (fringed). Ray florets fringed. 1903. 



lacinia'ta (jagged). Seems identical with /. g. 

 fimbriata. 



I. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2. July. Caucasus. 



1810. 



gra'ndis (great). Yellow. August. Soongaria. 

 ,, grave'olens (strong-smelling), ij. Yellow. July. 



Mediterranean region. 1633. 



,, helenioi'des (Helenium-like). 2-4. Yellow. Spain. 

 Hele'nium (Helenium). 3-6. Yellow. England. 



" Elecampane." 



,, hi'rta (hairy), x. July. Austria. 1759. 

 Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 1-2. Yellow. August. 



Himalaya. 1851. 



hy'brida (hybrid). See I. ENSIFOLIA. 

 ,, limonifo'lia (Limonum- leaved). Yellow. Greece. 

 ,, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See I. GRANDIS. 

 ,, Maria'na (Maryland). See CHRYSOPSIS MARIANA. 

 ,, mo'llis (soft). See I. SUAVEOLENS. 

 ,, monta'na (mountain), ij. August. S. Europe. 1759. 

 Cfculus-Chri'sti (Christ's-eye). ij. July. Austria. 



1759- 



odo'ra (fragrant). See PULICARIA ODORA. 

 orientalis (oriental). See I. GLANDULOSA. 

 quadridenta'ta (tour-toothed- flowered). See I. GRAVEO- 



LENS. 

 ,, racemo'sa (racemose). 4-5. Yellow. August. 



Himalaya ; Central China. 1903. 

 ,, roylea'na (Roylean). ij. Yellow. Himalaya. 

 salici'na (Salix-like). i-ij. Yellow. July, August. 



Ireland. 



saxa'tilis (rock). See I. VISCOSA. 

 sca'bra (rough). See HETEROTHECA LAMARCKII. 

 squarro'sa (spreading). 2. Yellow. Europe. 

 ,, suave'olens (sweet-scented), ij. July. S. Europe. 



1758. 

 thapsoi'des (Thapsus-like). ij. Yellow. July. 



Caucasus. 1819. 



,, tri'loba (three-lobed). July. Sinai. 1837. 

 Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). 2. September. France. 



1739- 



,, verbascifo'lia (mullein-leaved). See I. THAPSOIDES. 

 ,, visco'sa (clammy), ij. July. S. Europe. 1596. 



lOCHRO'MA. (From ion, violet, and chroma, colour ; 

 referring to the purple colour of the flowers. Nat. ord. 

 Nightshades [Solanacea*]. Linn. s-Pentandria, i-Mono- 

 gynia. Allied to Habrothamnus.) 



Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots, getting 

 a little firm, in sandy soil, with a bell-glass in summer ; 

 sandy peat and fibrous loam. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 

 I. calyci'na (large-calyxed). Green. Guiana. 

 cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. Mexico. 

 cya'nea (blue). See I. LANCEOLATA. 

 fla'va (yellow). 6. Pale yellow. Cordilleras of 



Colombia. 1898. 

 fuchsioi'des (Fuchsia- like). 5. Orange-scarlet. June 



to August. Peru. 1843. 



,, gesneroi'des (Gesn era-like). 3-4. Scarlet. Peru. 

 grandifto'ra (large-flowered). Peru. 

 ,, lanceola'ta (lance-shaped). 5. Purple-brown. July. 



Colombia. 1846. 



tubulo'sa (tubular). 5. Violet-blue. March. Ecuador. 

 1844. 



10'NE PALEA'CEA. See BULBOPHYLLUM PALEACEUM. 



lONI'DIUM. (From ion, violet, and eidos, resembling. 

 Nat. ord. Violetworts [Violaceae]. Linn. s-Pentandria, 

 i-Monogynia. Allied to our Violets.) 



The South American species possess much of the 

 qualities of, and are substituted for, Ipecacuanha. 

 Herbaceous plants, flowering in June, by division and 

 seed ; under-shrubs, by cuttings in sand, under a bell- 

 glass ; peat and loam. All the following require green- 

 house culture, except stri'ctum, which is a stove plant. 

 I. cape'nse (Cape), i. White. Cape of Good Hope. 



1824. 

 co'ncolor (one-coloured), i. White or green. June. 



N. Amer. 1788. 



longifo'lium (long-leaved). See NOISETTIA LONGIFOLIA. 

 polygal&fo'lium (Polygala-leaved). x. Green, yellow. 



Mexico. 1797- 



,, sprengelia' num. (Sprengel's). See I. CONCOLOR. 

 stri'ctum (upright). |. White. W. Ind. 1824. 



lONOPSI'DIUM. (From ion, the violet, opsis, ap- 

 pearance, and eidos, form ; literally, plants with a 

 form resembling the violet. Nat. ord. Cruciferae.) 



