LIBOCEDRUS 



498 



LIGUSTRUM 



L. Laure'ncii (Laurence's). See L. PULCHELLA. 

 panicula'ta (panicled). ij. April. Australia. 1823. 

 pulche'lla (pretty), i. April. Australia. 1823. 

 tricolor (three-coloured). i. White. Leaves green, 

 yellow, red. New Zealand. 



LIBOCE'DRUS. (From libanos, the tree which pro- 

 duces frankincense, and kedros, the cedar ; in allusion to 

 the fragrance of the wood. Nat. ord. Coniferae.) 



Large, evergreen trees, more often seen in the form of 

 shrubs. The hardiest is L. decurrens ; the rest require 

 the shelter of other trees or a greenhouse. Seeds ; 

 cuttings in sand in a cold frame, in autumn. Well- 

 drained soil. 



L. chile'nsis (Chilian). 60-80. Chilian Andes. 1850. 

 decu'rrens (decurrent). 30-130. Oregon to S. Cali- 

 fornia. 1853. " Incense Cedar." Varieties^ of 

 this are au'reo-variega'ta, compa'cta, glau'ca, na'na, 

 and variega'ta. 



donia'na (Donian). 30-60. New Zealand. 1847. 

 macro'lepis (large-scaled). Yunnan, China. 1901. 

 tetrago'na (four-angled). 30-80. Chili. 1849. 

 LIBO'NIAFLORIBU'NDA. See JACOBINIA PAUCIFLORA. 

 LIBO NIA PENRHOSIE'NSIS. See JACOBINIA PENR- 



HOSIENSIS. 



LICHTENSTEI'NIA L^EVIGA'TA and L. UNDULA'TA. 



See ORNITHOGLOSSUM GLAUCUM. 



LICUALA. (From the native name. Nat. ord. Palms 

 [Palmaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia. Allied 

 to Corypha.) 



Stove Palms, from the East Indies. Seeds in strong 

 hotbed ; rich, sandy loam. Summer temp., 60 to 80 ; 

 winter, 60. 

 L. acuti'fida (acutely-cut). Malaya. 



a'mplifrons (large-fronded). Sumatra. 



e'legans (elegant). Sumatra. 



gra'ndis (grand). Yellow-green. New Britain. 1873. 



ho'rrida (spiny). See L. SPINOSA. 



Jeanne ncyi (Jeannency's). New Caledonia. 



kirstenia'na (Kirstenian). Leaves deeply cut. Mada- 

 gascar. 1895. 



'Leopo'ldii (Leopold's). Leaves small, circular. 1898. 



Muelle'rii (MueUer's). Queensland. 



pelta'ta (shield-leafed). 6. White, yellow. India. 

 1825. 



,, Ru'mphii (Rumphius's). Moluccas. 



spino'sa (spiny). 6. White, green. Malaya. 1802. 



triphy'lla (three-leaved). Malaya. 



Vei'tchii ( Veitch's). Green. Borneo. 1883. 

 LIDBE CKIA. (Named after E. G. Lidbeck, a Swedish 

 botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Compositae]. Linn. 19- 

 Syngenesia, 2-Superfl.ua. Allied to Lasthenia.) 



Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers, 

 from South Africa. Cuttings of half-ripened short shoots 

 in April, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass ; peat, with a 

 little fibrous loam, and a few pieces of charcoal and silver- 

 sand. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 

 L. loba'ta (lobed). 2. May. 1800. 



,, pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 2. May. 1744. 



LIEBI'GIA. (Named after Liebig, the celebrated Ger- 

 man chemist. Nat. ord. Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn. 

 t^-Didynamia, 2-Angiospermia. Referred to Chirita.) 

 L. specio'sa (showy). See CHIRITA BLUMEI. 



LIE'TZIA. (Commemorative of A. Lietze, a nursery- 

 man of Rio Janeiro. Nat. ord. Gesneraceae.) 



Stove herb with a tuberous rootstock. Seeds, offsets ; 

 and cuttings in sand in a close case, with bottom-heat. 

 Loam, leaf-mould, and sand. 



L. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). Green, spotted with brown- 

 purple. Brazil. 1880. 



LIEVE'NA PRI'NCEPS. See QUESNELIA RUFA. 



LIFTING is sometimes used as meaning the same as 

 transplanting, and at others merely means passing the 

 spade under a plant, and, by raising it up, disturbing 

 its roots to check its luxuriance. 



LIGE'RIA BARBA'TA. See SINNINGIA CAROLINA. 



LIGHT has a most powerful influence over the health 

 and life of a plant, from the moment its leaves pierce 



through the surface of the soil. If absent, they become 

 yellow, or even white. It deserves notice, that it has 

 been proved by the experiments of Dr. Hope and others, 

 that light from artificial sources may be concentrated so 

 as to enable plants to carry on and perfect those elabora- 

 tions on which their green colour depends. A similar 

 concentrated light will make the Pimpernel and other 

 flowers, which close until sunrise, open their petals, and 

 rouse from their rest ; a fact which gives another reason 

 why plants in rooms frequented at night become weak 

 and exhausted sooner than those which remain as nature 

 dictates, unexcited by light. A deficiency of light de- 

 creases the decomposing power of the leaves. For this 

 reason the best glass should always be employed in the 

 sashes of the hothouse, conservatory, and other structures 

 of the forcing department. But the benefit sought for 

 is frustrated if that glass be not constantly well cleansed. 

 The best glass, if dirty, allows fewer rays of light to pass 

 through than inferior glass if kept bright. Solar light 

 is essential to the ripening of all fruit : it will not ripen 

 in the dark ; and the greater the light's intensity, and 

 the longer its daily endurance, the sweeter and the 

 higher is the fruit's flavour. No fruits are so luscious as 

 those grown within the tropics, and the fruits of the 

 temperate zone are excellent in proportion to the bright- 

 ness of its seasons. That light is essential in causing 

 the colour of the leaves and other parts of plants has been 

 noticed already ; and it aids the ripening process of fruit 

 in a similar manner, to convert their acid and mutila- 

 ginous constituents into sugar. How light operates in pro- 

 moting this and other decompositions which are effected 

 by the vegetable organs is, at present, a mystery ; but 

 so it is ; and the gardener promotes its access as much as 

 lies within his power, by removing overshadowing leaves, 

 by employing the best glass in his hothouses, and by 

 having their interior whitened ; for white surfaces re- 

 flect all the rays of light back upon the object those 

 surfaces inclose. 



LIGHTFOO'TIA. (Named after the Rev. J. Lightfoot, 

 a Scotch botanist. Nat. ord. Bellworts [Campanulaceae]. 

 Linn. 5-Pentandria, i-Monogynia. Allied to Canarina.) 

 Greenhouse blue-flowered evergreens, from South 

 Africa. Cuttings of young shoots in sand, containing a 

 little peat, under a glass ; fibrous loam and sandy peat ; 

 pots well drained. Winter temp., 38 to 48. 

 L. Loddige'sii (Loddiges 1 ). See L. TENELLA. 



,, oxycoccoi'des (Oxycoccus-like). \. July. 1787. 



subula'ta (&\vl-leaved). J. August. 1787. 



tene'lla (very slender). J. July. 1822. 



LIGULA'RIA. (From ligula, a strap ; referring to the 

 florets. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite!. Linn. 19- 

 Syngenesia, z-Superflua. Now referred to Senecio.) 

 L. alta'ica (Altaian). See SENECIO ALTAICUS. 



cauca'sica (Caucasian). See SENECIO CAUCASICUS. 



,, Hodgso'ni (Hodgson's). See SENECIO HODGSONI. 



macrophy'lla (large-leaved). See SENECIO LEDEBOURI. 



sibi'rica (Siberian). See SENECIO LIGULARIA. 



specio'sa (showy). See SENECIO LIGULARIA. 



,, thyrsoi'dea (ihyrse-fiowered) . See SENECIO SIBIRICUS. 



LIGU'STICUM. (Liguria, where one species is abund- 

 ant. Nat. ord. Umbelliferae.) 



Hardy perennial herb, the leaves of which are eaten as 

 a pot-herb. Seeds, divisions. Ordinary soil. 

 L. Levi' sticum. See LEVISTICUM OFFICINALE. 

 sco'ticum (Scotch). 1-3. White or pink. Europe 

 (Britain). " Scotch Lovage." 



LIGUSTRI'NAPEKINE'NSIS. See SYRINGA PEKINENSIS. 



LIGU'STRUM. Privet. (From ligare, to tie ; re- 

 ferring to the use made of the flexible shoots. Nat. ord. 

 Oliveworts [Oleaceae]. Linn. 2-Diandria, i-Monogynia.) 



Shrubs, all with white flowers. Generally by cuttings 

 of the young shoots in sandy loam ; seeds may also be 

 sown, either when ripe, or placed in a rot-heap for a 

 number of months previously. The common kinds are 

 useful for fences, and will grow under trees where scarcely 

 anything else would live ; lu'cidum and its varieties, and 

 vesti'tum, require a little protection in exposed places. 

 L. acumina'tum (long-pointed). 3-5. White. Japan (?). 



1904. Flowers in pyramidal panicle. 

 amure'nse (Amurland) of gardens. See L. IBOTA. 



