PONERA 



696 



POPULUS 



and sides. Puddling is necessary in almost all instances, 

 and the mode of proceeding is thus detailed by Mr. 

 Marnock, in the United Gardeners' Journal. When the 

 excavation is formed, or partially so, the bottom puddle 

 near the outer edge is formed, and upon this is raised 

 the upright or side puddle ; and as this proceeds, the 

 ordinary clay or earth is raised at the same time, by 

 which means the upright puddle is retained in its place ; 

 and ultimately the sides, being formed in a sloping 

 direction, admit of being covered with gravel or sand, 

 and may be walked upon, or stakes may be driven to a 

 considerable depth without reaching the puddle, or in 

 any way injuring it. This can never be the case if the 

 puddle, as is sometimes done, be laid upon the sloping 

 side of the pond. The sides may slope rapidly, or the 

 reverse. If the slope be considerable, sand or gravel, 

 to give a clean appearance, will be more likely to be re- 

 tained upon the facing ; plants can be more easily fixed 

 and cultivated ; goldfish, also, find in these shallow, 

 gravelly parts under the leaves of the plants suitable 

 places to deposit their spawn, and without this they are 

 seldom found to breed. Ponds made in this way may be 

 of any convenient size, from a couple of yards upwards 

 to as many acres on large estates. When a small 

 pond of this kind is to be made, and the extent of the 

 surface is determined upon and marked out, it will then 

 be necessary to form a second or outer mark, indicating 

 the space required for the wall or side puddle, and about 

 3 feet is the proper space to allow for this ; the puddle 

 requiring about 2 feet, and the facing which requires to 

 be laid upon the puddle ought to be about a foot more, 

 making together 3 feet. Ponds may be made very 

 ornamental. 



PONE'RA. (From poneros, wretched ; in allusion to 

 the unattractive character of some of the species. Nat. 

 ord. Orchidaceaa.) 



Stove epiphytical orchids. Division at the commence- 

 ment of growth. Fibre of peat, sphagnum, and crocks 

 in pots or pans. 



P. amethysti'na (amethyst). White, purple. Guatemala. 

 1869. 



juncifo'lia (rush-leaved). Mexico. 



Ktcna's/u(Kienast's). See SCAPHYGLOTTIS KIENASTII. 



pelli'ta (skin-clad). Yellow, lined with purple ; lip 

 whitish, streaked with purple. 1880. 



proli'fera (proliferous). W. Ind. 



stria' ta (striped). 2. Green, lined with purple. 

 Guatemala. 1842. 



PONGA'MIA. (Pongam, its Malabar name. Nat. ord. 

 Leguminous Plants [Legurninosae]. Linn. ij-Diadelphia, 

 4-Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.) 



Stove evergreen shrubs and climbers, all but one white- 

 flowered, and from the East Indies. For culture, see 

 DALBE'RGIA. 

 P. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 5. 1699. 



grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 6. 1818. 



,, margina'ta (bordered). See DERRIS CUNEIFOLIA. 



Pisci'dia (Piscidia-like). India. 1818. 



uligino'sa (marsh). See DERRIS ULIGINOSA. 



PONTEDE'RIA. (Named after /. Pontedera, professor 

 of botany at Padua. Nat. ord. Pontcderiads [Ponte- 

 deriaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, i-Monogynia.) 



Blue-flowered aquatics. Divisions of the roots ; rich, 

 strong, loamy soil, in a tub of water or an aquarium. 



HARDY AQUATICS. 

 P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). See P. CORD AT A 



ANGUSTIFOLIA. 



caru'lea (light blue). 2. July. N. Amer. 1830. 



corda'ta (heart-leaved). 2. July. N. Amer. 1759. 

 " Water Plantain of Jamaica." 



angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 2. July. N. Amer. 

 1806. 



lanceola'ta (spear- head). See P. COR DATA ANGUSTI- 

 FOLIA. 



montevide' 'nsis (Montevidean). 2. Blue. Closely re- 

 lated to, or a form of P. cordata. 1899. 



STOVE AQUATICS. 



P. azu'rea (sky-blue). See EICHORNEA AZUREA. 

 cra'ssipes (thick- leaf-stalked) . See EICHORNIA 



SPEC1OSA. 



dilata'ta (spreading). See MONOCHORIA HAST^FOLIA. 



PONTHi'E'VA. (Commemorative of M. de Ponthieu. 

 Nat. ord. Orchidacea?.) 



Stove terrestrial orchids of considerable beauty. 

 Fibrous loam, peat, and sand. 

 P. glandulo'sa (glandular). i. Green and white. 



January. W. Ind. 1800. 



,, macula to, (blotched). i. White, green, yellow, 

 spotted with pale brown. March. Colombia. 

 1882. 

 ,, peliola'ta (stalked), i-ij. Cinnamon. W. Ind. 



PO'NTIA or PI'ERIS. A genus of butterflies, of which 

 the following one is most obnoxious to the gardener : 



P. brassica (Large White Cabbage Butterfly). The 

 wings are white ; the upper with broad black tips ; and 

 the female has two black spots on the middle. The 

 under side of the under wings is light yellow. Breadth, 

 when expanded, 2 inches. It appears from May to 

 October. The caterpillar is bluish-green, thinly haired, 

 and sprinkled with black dots, having a yellow stripe 

 on the back, and the same on the sides. These cater- 

 pillars are found, throughout the summer and autumn, 

 on all the cabbage-worts, on horse-radish, radishes, 

 mustard, and similar plants, as well as on water-cresses. 

 The pupae are yellowish-green, with black dots, with a 

 point on the head, and five on the back. The best 

 way to destroy them is picking off and killing the cater- 

 pillars, as well as the pupae, as far as it is possible ; the 

 latter are found attached to adjacent trees, hedges, and 

 walls. But care must be taken not to destroy those 

 pupae which have a brown appearance ; because they 

 are full of the larvae of ichneumons, and other allied 

 parasites, which are the great scourge of these cater- 

 pillars. 



P. rapa (Small Cabbage Butterfly). This butterfly 

 resembles the foregoing, but is one-half smaller ; and the 

 black tinge at the points of the upper wings is fainter, 

 and not visible on the outer edge. The time of appear- 

 ance is the same as of the former. The caterpillar is of 

 a dull green, with fine white minute hairs, a yellow stripe 

 on the back, and yellow spots on the sides, on a pale 

 ground. In some years it is very injurious to the 

 cabbage and turnip plants ; it also infests mignonette, 

 which it strips entirely of its leaves. It is very difficult 

 to be discovered, from its colour. The pupa is yellowish 

 or greenish-grey, with three yellow stripes. Kollar. 



POPLAR. Po'pulus. 

 POPPY. Papa'ver. 



POPPY, CALirORNIAN. Platyste' mon califo'rnicus 

 and Ro'mneya Cou'lteri. 



POPPY, CORN. Papa'ver Rhcc'as. 

 POPPY GALL FLY. Au'lax rkcea'dis. 

 POPPY, HORNED. Glau'cium fla'vum. 

 POPPY-MALLOW. Calli'rhoe. 

 POPPY, OPIUM. Papa'ver somni'ferum. 



PO'PULUS. Poplar. (From arbor-populi of the 

 Romans, or the tree of the public; the Turin poplar 

 much planted in their cities. Nat. ord. Willowworts 

 [Salicaceae]. Linn. 22-Dioecia, j-Octandria.) 



Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which should be sown 

 in moist soil, slightly covered, but shaded as soon as the 

 seeds drop from the trees ; by cuttings of the ripened 

 shoots ; also by layers and suckers ; a deep, moist, 

 loamy soil suits them the best ; but they do not thrive 

 well either in a very dry place, or in places where there is 

 stagnant water. 

 P. a'lba (white. Abele-tree). 40-100. March. Europe 



(Britain), &c. 



, bollea'na (Bollean). See P. ALBA PYRAMIDALIS. 



, fo'liis au'reis variega'tis (golden-variegated-leaved). 



Leaves blotched with yellow. 



, globo'sa (globose). 



, macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Leaves larger. 



, ni'vea (snowy). 40-90. March. Europe. 1835. 



, Pica'rti (Picart's). See P. ALBA MACROPHYLLA. 



, pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 40-80. March. Tim's, 



Transcaucasia. 1879. 



angula'ta (angular. Carolina). See P. MONILIFERA. 

 angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). N. Amer. 

 balsami'fera (balsamic). 70. April. N. Amer. 1792. 



" Balsam Poplar." 



