STCEBE 



834 



STOVES 



not proper for general practice. Crab Stocks are all such 

 as are raised from seeds, &c., of any wild ungrafted trees, 

 particularly if of the fruit-tree kind, such as the wild 

 crab apple of the woods and hedges, wild pears, plums, 

 wild cherry, and such other trees as have not been 

 grafted or budded. Free Stocks are such as are raised 

 from the seed, layers, &c., of any of the cultivated varieties 

 of fruit-trees and others. Paradise or Doucin stocks are 

 raised from layers or suckers from a dwarf variety of 

 apple, the roots of which are produced nearer to the 

 surface than those from crab stocks. The French Paradise 

 stock is distinguished from all others by its very dwarf 

 growth, its clear chestnut-coloured shoots, and small 

 fibrous roots, which spread near the surface. The 

 English Paradise may be either referred to as the Doucin 

 of the French or the Dutch Paradise ; for, in English 

 nurseries, trees propagated on either are said to be on 

 Paradise stocks. Of these two the Doucin has the 

 darkest shoots. Their effects on the growth of the trees 

 worked upon them are similar, being intermediate be- 

 tween the very dwarf habit induced by the French 

 Paradise, and the luxuriant growth induced by the crab 

 or free stocks. See GRAFTING and BUDDING. 



STCE'BE. (From stibas, a bed of leaves ; those of 

 ezthio'pica so used. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. 

 Linn. \g-Syngenesia, $-Segregata.) 



Greenhouse evergreens, from South Africa. Cuttings 

 of young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in May^; 

 fibrous, sandy loam and peat. Winter temp., 40 to 45. 

 S. czthio'pica (Ethiopian). 2. August. 1759. 



cine'rea (grey). 2. August. 1784. 



ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. August. 1816. 



refle'xa (bent-back). 2. August. 1816. 

 STOKES' ASTER. See STOKESIA CYAXEA. 

 STO'KESIA. (Named after Dr. Stokes, an English 

 botanist. Nat. ord. Composites [Composite]. Linn. 

 iq-Syngenesia, i-Mqualis.) 



Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds, or division of the plant 

 in spring ; sandy loam and a little leaf-mould ; requires 

 a little protection in winter. 

 S. cya'nea (azure). 2. Blue. August. Carolina. 1766. 



a'lba (white). Pure white, with mauve shade at 

 base of florets. 1908. 



pra'cox (early). An early flowering variety. 1906. 



STONECROP. Se'dum. 



STONE PINE. Pi'nusPi'nea. 



STOPPING is pinching or nipping off the extremity of 

 a branch, to prevent its further extension in length. It 

 is frequently done, either to promote its robustness or 

 the production of laterals. 



STORAX. Sty'rax. 



STORK'S BILL. Pelargo'nium. 



STOVES, or HOTHOUSES, are glazed structures, differ- 

 ing from greenhouses chiefly in requiring a higher tem- 

 perature to be sustained within them, either for forcing 

 fruits or for growing plants from tropical climates. 

 Nearly all that is stated relative to the greenhouse, hotbed, 

 and pit under the articles MELON and RENDLE'S TANK 

 SYSTEM is applicable to the stove. In addition, relative 

 to glazing, if lapping be permitted, its width should not 

 exceed \ inch, and the panes should be acutely rhom- 

 boid, to throw the condensed vapour down to the lower 

 corner, and induce it to trickle down the bars instead of 

 dropping. It is very doubtful whether the amount of 

 moisture is reduced by running between the laps. 



Flues are best built of bricks set on their edges, and 

 the top formed of a shallow iron trough for the purpose 

 of holding water, and thus keeping the air moist as re- 

 quired. At night, for retaining heat, pantiles may be 

 placed along within the trough. 



Hot water in a tank is superior to the same source of 

 heat in pipes, because it is not liable to freeze ; and it is 

 preferable to steam, because its heating power continues 

 until the whole mass of water is cooled down to the 

 temperature of the house, whereas steam ceases to be 

 generated as a source of heat the moment the tempera- 

 ture falls below 212. If steam be employed, Mr. 

 Tredgold has given the following rules for calculating 

 the surface of pipe, the size of the boiler, the quantity 

 of fuel, and the quantity of ventilation required for "a 

 house 30 feet long and 12 feet wide, with the glass roof 



8 feet, length of the rafters 14 feet, and height of the 

 back wall 15 feet. The surface of glass in this house 

 will be 720 feet superficial, viz. 540 feet in the front 

 and roof, and 180 feet in the ends. Now, half the 

 vertical height, 7 feet 6 inches, multiplied by the length 

 in feet, and added to one and a half times the area of 

 glass in feet, is equal to the cubic feet of air to be wanned 

 in each minute when there are no double doors. That 

 is, 7.5X30 + 1^X720 = 1305 cubic feet. But in a house 

 with wooden bars and rafters, about one-tenth of this 

 space will be occupied with wood-work, which is so slow a 

 conductor of heat that it will not suffer a sensible quan- 

 tity to escape ; therefore 130 feet may be deducted, leaving 

 the quantity to be warmed per minute =1175 cubic feet. 



To ascertain the surface of pipe required to warm any 

 given quantity of air, multiply the cubic feet of air to be 

 heated per minute by the difference between the tem- 

 perature the house is to be kept at, and that of the 

 external air in degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer, 

 and divide the product by 2.1, the difference between 

 200, which is the temperature of the steam pipes, and the 

 temperature of the house ; the quotient will be the 

 surface of cast-iron pipe required. 



Now, in the house, the dimensions of which are above 

 given, if the lowest temperature in the night be fixed at 

 50, and 10 are allowed for winds, and the external air 

 is supposed to be at zero or o of Fahrenheit, then 1175 

 multiplied by 60, and the product divided by 2.1, the 

 difference bet veen 200 and 60 will give us the quotient 

 236 = 10 t e surface of pipe required. Now, the house 

 being 30 feet long, five pipes of that length, and 5 inches 

 in diameter, will be about the proper quantity. 



If hot water be employed instead of steam, the follow- 

 ing proportions and information, obtained from Mr. 

 Rendle, may be adopted confidently as guides. In a 

 span-roof propagating-house, 40 feet long, 13 feet broad, 



7 feet high in the centre, and 4 feet high at the two fronts, 

 having a superficial surface of glass amounting to 538 

 square feet, Mr. Rendle has a tank 83 feet long, running 

 round three sides of the house, 4 feet wide and about 



8 inches deep, and consequently capable of containing 

 nearly 300 cubic feet of hot water, though only half 

 that quantity is used. This is closely approaching to 

 the size pointed out, according to Mr. Tredgold's formula. 

 The mean temperature of a hot-water tank will never 

 be much above 100, so that, for the sized house mentioned 

 by that skilful engineer, the divisor must be 2.1 times 

 the difference between 100 and 60, which gives as the 

 quotient 335 cubic feet. 



The tank in Mr. Rendle's propagating-house is built 

 lined with Roman cement, and if the temperature at the 

 time of lighting the fire be 90, the temperature of the 

 atmosphere of the house 67, and the temperature out 

 of doors 50, the quantity of small coal or breeze re- 

 quired to raise the temperature of the water to 125 

 is 28 pounds. In twelve hours the water cools, after 

 the fire has been extinguished, from 125 to 93. 



When steam is employed, the space for steam in the 

 boiler is easily found by multiplying the length of the 

 pipe in feet by the quantity of steam in a foot in length 

 of the pipe. 



In the above-noticed house, the length of pipe 5 inches 

 in diameter is 150 feet ; and these multiplied by 1.363 = 

 20.5 cubic feet of steam, and as the pipe will condense 

 the steam of about one cubic foot and one-third of 

 water per hour, therefore the boiler should be capable of 

 ! evaporating i cubic feet of water per hour, to allow for 

 unavoidable loss. In the extreme cases of the ther- 

 mometer being at zero, the consumption of coals to keep 

 up this evaporation will be 12 J pounds per hour. 



Interior Decimal Parts of a 



Diameter of Pipe Cubic Foot of Steam 



in Inches. in each Foot of Pipe. 



i 0.0545 



i 0.1225 



2 . . . . . . 0.2185 



2i 0.34 



3 -49 



4 0.873 



5 1.063 



6 1.964 



7 2.67 



8 3-49 



9 4-42 



10 5-45 



