TRAGOPYRUM 



867 



TREE CELANDINE 



T. ru'ber (red), ij. Red. May. Siberia. 1826. 

 virgi'nicum (Virginian). See KRIGIA AMPLEXICAULIS. 



TRAGOPY'RUM. Goat's Wheat. (From tragos, a 

 goat, and puros, wheat. Nat. ord. Buckwheats [Poly- 

 gonaceae]. Linn. 8-Ociandria, $-Trigynia. Now referred 

 to Atraphaxis.) 



r. buxifo'lium (box-leaved). See ATRAPHAXIS BUXIFOLIA. 

 lane eola.' turn ( spear- head-leaved). See ATRAPHAXIS 



MICRAN'THA. 



latifo'lium (broad-leaved). See ATRAPHAXIS LAX- 



MANNI. 



poly'gamum (polygamous). See POLYGONELLA PARVI- 

 FOLIA. 



TRAILERS. See CREEPERS. 



TRAIN OIL. See ANIMAL MATTERS. 



TRAINING has for its object the rendering plants more 

 productive either of flowers or of fruit, by regulating the 

 number and position of their branches. If their number 

 be too great they overshadow those below them, and, by 

 excluding the heat and light, prevent that elaboration 

 of the sap required for the production of fructification. 

 If they are too few the sap is expended in the production 

 of more, and in extending the surface of the leaves re- 

 quired for the digestion of the juices. 



The position of the branches is important, because, if 

 trained against a wall, they obtain a higher temperature 

 and protection from winds ; and if trained with their 

 points below the horizontal the return of the sap is 

 checked. Shy-flowering shrubs, as Mi'ntuius glutino'sus 

 puni'ceus, are made to blossom abundantly, and freely- 

 flowering shrubs, as Cy'tisus hy'bridus, are made to 

 blossom earlier, by having their branches bent below the 

 horizontal line. 



The reason of this appears in the fact, that a plant 

 propels its sap with greatest force perpendicularly, so 

 much so that the sap rising in a vine branch growing 

 in a right line from the root, with a force capable of 

 sustaining a column of mercury 28 inches high, will, if 

 the branch be bent down to a right angle, support barely 

 23 inches, and if bent a few degrees below the horizontal 

 the column sustained will not be more than 21 inches. 

 This is the reason why, at such angles, gardeners find 

 the trained branches of their wall-trees rendered more 

 productive of blossoms, and furnished with a smaller 

 surface of leaves. A similar effect is produced by training 

 a branch in a waving form, for two-thirds of its length 

 are placed horizontally. 



Besides the usual modes of training for which see also 

 ESPALIERS and STANDARDS there are two other modes 

 which deserve notice. 



Quenouille Training consists in training one upright 

 central shoot in summer, and shortening it down to 

 15 inches at the winter pruning, in order that itjnay, at 

 that height, produce branches forming a tier, to be 

 tra ned, in the first instance, horizontally. The shoot 

 produced by the uppermost bud is, however, trained as 

 upright as possible during the summer, and is cut back, 

 so as to produce another tier 15 inches above the first, 

 and so on until the tree has reached the desired height. 

 In this climate it is necessary to train the shoot down- 

 wards, which is easily done by tying those of the first 

 tier to short stakes, those of each successive tier being 

 fastened to the branches below them. When the shoots 

 are thus arched downwards at full length, or nearly so 

 they soon come into a bearing state ; but in this climate' 

 if cut short, as the French do, they only send up a number 

 of shoots annually. The plan answers very well where 

 it can be at all times properly attended to ; but if this 

 cannot be guaranteed, the ordinary form of dwarf is 

 preferable. Quenouilles require more time to be devoted 

 to them than espaliers. 



Balloon Training is forcing downwards all the branches 

 of standard trees till the points touch the earth, and they 

 have the merit of producing large crops of fruit in a 

 very small compass. Their upper parts are, however 

 too much exposed to radiation at night, and the crop 

 from that part of the branches is apt to be cut off. 



TRANSPLANTING is most successfully performed 

 whenever the roots are least required for supplying the 

 leaves with moisture. The reason is obvious, because 

 the roots are always in some degree broken, and lessened 

 in their absorbing power, by the process of removal 



That such is the rationale of seasonable transplanting 

 is proved by the fact, that plants in pots, with reasonable 

 care, may be transplanted at any season. This rule too 

 is sanctioned both by theory and practice transplant 

 as early as possible after the leaves cease to require a 

 supply of sap ; the reason for which is, that the vital 

 powors in the roots continue active long after they have 

 become torpid in the branches, and fresh roots are 

 formed during the autumn and winter to succeed those 

 destroyed by transplanting. 



For transplanting most deciduous trees and shrubs 

 October and November are the most successful months. 

 In transplanting evergreens, Mr. Beaton says : " I do 

 not now concur in the general belief that autumn is the 

 best time to plant all kinds of evergreens indiscriminately. 

 I have planted evergreens every week in the year, more 

 from necessity than choice it is true, but still the result 

 of the whole convinces me that a dogmatic adherence 

 to this or that uven period of the year is just as bad and 

 unphilosophical as the old prejudice in favour of planting 

 all kinds of evergreens late in the spring. That vast 

 assemblage of evergreens belonging to the natural order 

 Conifers, from the Cedar of Lebanon down to the trailing 

 J uniper, should be planted from the middle of I uly to 

 the beginning of October, according to the weather after 

 St. Swithm s Day. November, on the other hand, is as 

 good a time as can be to remove evergreens of all kinds 

 provided that large balls of earth be removed with them. 

 Hollies, Laurustmus, Alaiernus, Phillyreas, and Tree Box 

 will transplant as well in May and June as at any other 

 time of the year of that I am quite certain I have 

 removed hundreds of them in May and June without 

 losing a twig. On the other hand, all these, and many 

 more besides, will answer as well if planted early in 

 November ; but that is no reason for giving up the old 

 plan of late spring planting such evergreens as do well 

 at that time, although we need not do so from choice. 

 The whole question amounts to this: All evergreens 

 succeed if planted in the autumn; a great number of 

 them will do better from being planted in the autumn 

 and will not transplant safely except in the autumn \ 

 while a large portion of them may be planted every day 

 m the year with almost equal success. 



November and May are the best two months to remove 

 Roses. All the young and tender ones in pots turn out 

 in May ; but for all those on their own roots November 

 is the best month to remove them. 



TRAPA. Water Caltrops. (From calcitrapa, an 

 ancient instrument in warfare with four spikes fruit 

 armed with four spikes, or horns. Nat. ord. Onagrads 

 [Onagraceaj]. Linn. 4 -Tetrandria, i-Monogynia.) 



Aquatics. Seeds ; good loam, in a tub or pond of 

 water ; na tans will do in the latter ; the others require 

 the shelter of a greenhouse. 

 T. bico'rnis (two-horned). See T. NATANS. 

 bispino'sa (two-spined). White. July. E. Ind. 1822. 



Greenhouse biennial. 

 na'tans (floating). White, purple. July Europe 



1781. Hardy annual. " Water Chestnut." 

 quadnspino' sa (four-spined). See T. NATANS. 

 verbane'nsis (Verbas). Italy. 1886. Hardy. 



TRAUTVETTE'RIA. (Commemorative of E. R 

 TrautvetUr, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord. Ranuncu- 



Hardy perennial herb. Divisions. Good garden soil. 

 T. palma'ta (hand-shaped), i-ij. White. June. NW 

 Amer. ; Japan. 1812. False Bugbane. 



TRAVELLER'S JOY. Cle'matis Vita'lba. 

 TRAVELLER'S TREE. Ravena'lamadagascarie'nsts. 

 TREASURE FLOWER. Gaza'nia. 



TRECU'LIA. (Commemorative of the botanist M A* 

 Trecul. Nat. ord. Urticaceae.) 



Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings in sand in a close case 

 with bottom-heat. Loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Moist 

 stove heat. 



T. africa'na (African). Pale green. Trop. Africa. 187 

 " Okwa." / 



TREE CARROT. Tha'psia edu'lis. * Spanish 



TREE CELANDINE. Bocco'nia frute'scens. 



