1836.] CORAL FORMATIONS. 465 



These holuthuriae, the fish, the numerous burrowing shells, and 

 nereidous worms, which perforate every block of dead coral, 

 must be very efficient agents in producing the fine white mud 

 which lies at the bottom and on the shores of the lagoon. A 

 portion, however, of this mud, which when wet strikingly re- 

 sembled pounded chalk, was found by Professor Ehrenberg x> 

 be partly composed of siliceous-shielded infusoria. 



April 12th. In the morning we stood out of the lagoon on 

 our passage to the Isle of France. I am glad we ha^e visited 

 these islands : such formations surely rank high amongst tLe 

 wonderful objects of this world. Captain Fitz Roy found no 

 bottom with a line 7200 feet in length, at the distance of only 

 2200 yards from the shore ; hence this island forms a lofty sub- 

 marine mountain, with sides steeper even than those of the most 

 abrupt volcanic cone. The saucer-shaped summit is nearly ten 

 miles across ; and every single atom,* from the least particle to 

 the largest fragment of rock, in this great pile, which however 

 is small compared with very many other lagoon-islands, bears 

 the stamp of having been subjected to organic arrangement. We 

 feel surprise when travellers tell us of the vast dimensions ot 

 the Pyramids and other great ruins, but how utterly insignificant 

 are the greatest of these, when compared to these mountains of 

 stone accumulated by the agency of various minute and tender 

 animals ! This is a wonder which does not at first strike the 

 eye of the body, but, after reflection, the eye of reason. 



I will now give a very brief account of the three great classes 

 of coral-reefs ; namely, Atolls, Barrier, and Fringing-reefs, and 

 will explain my views f on their formation. Almost every 

 voyager who has crossed the Pacific has expressed his unbounded 

 astonishment at the lagoon-islands, or as I shall for the future 

 call them by their Indian name of atolls, and has attempted 

 some explanation. Even as long ago as the year 1605, Pyrard 



* I exclude, of course, some soil which has been imported here in vessels 

 from Malacca and Java, and likewise some small fragments of pumice, 

 drifted here by the waves. The one block of green-stone, moreover, on the 

 northern island must be excepted. 



t These were first read before the Geological Society in May, 1837, 

 and have since been developed in a separate volume on tLc 'Structure atd 

 Distribution of Coral Reefs.' 



