84 



HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 



acid, and closer to that of the seed parent; highest with 

 chloral hydrate, and nearer that of the pollen parent; 

 and lowest with temperature, chromic acid, and nitric 

 acid, in being closer to that of the seed parent and in 

 three being closer to those of the pollen parent. 



The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 

 ties (10 reactions): Same as seed parent, 4; same as 

 pollen parent, 2 ; same as both parents, ; intermediate, 

 1 ; highest, 1 ; lowest, 2. 



The seed parent seems to be far more potent in 

 determining the characters of the starch of the hybrid. 

 The tendency to sameness or inclination of the hybrid 

 to the seed parent is quite marked. 



COMPOSITE CURVES OF THE REACTION-INTENSITIES. 



This section treats of the composite curves of the 

 reaction-intensities, showing the differentiation of the 

 starches of Narcissus empress, N. albicans, and N. 

 madame de graaff. ( Chart E 20. ) 



The most conspicuous features of this chart are : 



(1) The close correspondence in the curves both as 

 to course and nearness, the only well-marked tendency 

 to departure being in the well-marked separation of the 

 three curves in the chromic-acid reaction and of the 

 parental curve in the pyrogallic-acid reaction. 



(2) In N. empress in comparison with the other 

 parent the higher reactions with polarization, gentian 

 violet, and safranin; the lower reactions with iodine, 

 chloral hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and nitric 

 acid ; and the same or practically the same reactions with 

 temperature and sulphuric acid. 



(3) In N. empress the very high reaction with sul- 

 phuric acid; the high reaction with chromic acid; the 

 moderate reactions with polarization, iodine, gentian 

 violet, and safranin ; the low reactions with temperature, 

 pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid; and the very low reac- 

 tion with chloral hydrate. 



(4) In 2V. albicans the very high reactions with 

 sulphuric acid ; the high reactions with chromic acid and 

 pyrogallic acid ; the moderate reactions with iodine, gen- 

 tian violet, and safranin ; the low reactions with polariza- 

 tion, temperature, and nitric acid ; and the very low reac- 

 tion with chloral hydrate. 



(5) In the hybrid the very high sulphuric-acid 

 reaction ; the absence of a high reaction ; the moderate 

 reactions with iodine, gentian violet, safranin, and 

 chromic acid ; the low reactions with polarization, tem- 

 perature, pyrogallic acid, and nitric acid ; and the very 

 low reaction with chloral hydrate. The following is a 

 summary of the reaction-intensites (10 reactions) : 



21. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF NARCISSUS 

 WEARDALE PERFECTION, N. MADAME DE GRAAFF, 

 AND N. PYRAMU8. 



In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 

 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 

 tative reactions with the various chemical reagents the 



starches of the parents and hybrid have properties in 

 common in varying degrees of development together 

 with certain individualities which collectively in each 

 case is distinctive of the starch. The differences are, 

 however, for the most part of a very minor character. 

 In histologic properties the parental starches differ in 

 that in Narcissus madame de graaff in comparison with 

 the other parent the relative number of compound grains 

 and number of grains having both primary and sec- 

 ondary starch deposits are more numerous, there are 

 more irregularities, and there is a larger number of forms. 

 The hilum is not so often fissured or so deeply, and some- 

 what less eccentric; the lamellfe are somewhat less dis- 

 tinct and not so coarse ; and the grains are, on the whole, 

 larger. In the polariscopic figure there is less distinct- 

 ness and definition and other differences, and in the 

 selenite reaction the quadrants are less clean-cut and 

 more often irregular, and the colors somewhat more pure, 

 and there are more grains with a greenish tinge. In the 

 qualitative iodine reactions the capsules color a red or 

 reddish violet instead of nearly a reddish violet as in 

 N. weardale perfection. In the reactions with chloral 

 hydrate, chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, nitric acid, and 

 sulphuric acid there are many differences, chiefly of 

 minor importance, but which collectively distinguish 

 one starch from the other. The starch of the hybrid 

 shows in form, character, and eccentricity of the hilum, 

 and character of the lamellae a closer relationship to 

 N. madame de graaff than to the other parent, but in 

 size the opposite. In the polarization figure and appear- 

 ances with selenite the relationship is closer to IV. 

 madame de graaff, but in the qualitative iodine reactions 

 the relationship is reversed. In the reactions with the 

 chemical reagents variable relationships, and hence the 

 influences of one or the other or both parents, are re- 

 corded, and in some instances parental characteristics are 

 exaggerated in the hybrid; but in all of the five reac- 

 tions the relationships are, on the whole, closer to N. 

 weardale perfection than to TV. madame de graaff. 



Reaction-intensities Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 

 ture Reactions. 

 Polarization : 



N. weardale perfect., low to high, value 37. 



N. madame de graaff, low to high, the same as in N. weardale 



perfection, value 37. 



N. pyramus, low to high, higher than in either parent, value 42. 

 Iodine: 



N. weardale perfect., moderate, value 55. 



N. madame de graaff, moderate, less than in N. weardale perfec- 

 tion, value 50. 

 N. pyramus, moderate, the same as in N. weardale perfection, 



value 55. 

 Gentian violet: 



N. weardale perfect., light to moderate, value 30. 



N. madame dc graaff, light to moderate, much more than in N. 



weardale perfection, value 43. 

 N. pyramus, light to moderate, little less than in N. weardale 



perfection, value 40. 

 Safranin : 



N. weardale perfect., light to moderate, value 40. 



N. madame de graaff, moderate, much more than in N. weardale 



perfection, value 53. 

 N. pyramus, moderate, little less than in N. weardale perfection, 



value 50. 

 Temperature: 



N. weardale perfect., in majority at 68 to 69, in all at 72 to 74", 



mean 73. 

 N. madame de graaff, in majority at 70 to 72, in all at 73.5 to 75, 



mean 74.25. 

 N. pyramus, in majority at 73 to 74, in all at 76 to 77, mean 76. 



