94 



HISTOLOGIC PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS. 



26. COMPARISONS OF THE STARCHES OF LlLIUM 

 MARTAGON., L. MACULATUM, AND L. DALHANSONI. 



In histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 

 reactions with selenite, qualitative reactions with iodine 

 and with the various chemical reagents all three starches 

 exhibit properties in common in various degrees of de- 

 velopment, the sum of which in each case is character- 

 istic. The starch of L. maculatum in comparison with 

 that of L. martagon contains no aggregates and few com- 

 pound grains ; the grains are more tegular ; broad forms 

 are more numerous; and a larger number of grains are 

 flattened. The hilum is more distinct, more often fis- 

 sured, and less eccentric. The lamellae are less fine, 

 more distinct, and less numerous. In size there is more 

 broadness. In the polariscopic, selenite, iodine, and 

 aniline reactions there are various differences. In the 

 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic acid, 

 potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and cupric chlo- 

 ride there are many differences which collectively are 

 distinctive. The starch of the hybrid shows an absence 

 of compound grains that were found in the starches of 

 both parents; there is greater regularity of the grains 

 than in either parent ; and the starch shows, on the whole, 

 a closer relationship to that of L. martagon. The hilum 

 in character and eccentricity is more closely related to 

 L. maculatum. The lamellae in character and arrange- 

 ment are more like those of L. martagon, but in number 

 closer to the other parent. In size the larger grains 

 are not so large as the corresponding grains in both 

 parents, but their dimensions and also the common sizes 

 are closer to those of L. martagon. In the polariscopic, 

 selenite, iodine, and aniline reactions the relationships 

 are closer to L. martagon. In the qualitative reactions 

 with the chemical reagents closer resemblances to one 

 or the other parent or in common to both parents are 

 recorded. In the chloral-hydrate reactions the relation- 

 ship is closer to L. maculatum, while in those with 

 chromic acid, potassium hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, and 

 cupric chloride the relationships are closer to L. 

 martagon. 



Reaction-intensities Expressed 6t/ % Light, Color, and Tempera- 

 ture Reactions. 



Polarization : 



L. martagon, low to high, value 60. 



L. maculaturo, low to high, lower than in L. martagon, value 50. 



L. dalhansoni, low to high, the same as in L. martiigon, value 60. 

 Iodine: 



L. martagon, moderate, value 60. 



L. maculatura, moderate, less than in L. martagon, value 55. 



L. dalhansoni, moderate to deep, higher than in either parent, 



value 65. 

 Gentian violet: 



L. martagon, moderate to moderately deep, value 55. 



L. maculatum, moderate, less than in L. martagon, value 45. 



L. dalhansoni, moderate, the same as in L. martagon, value 65. 

 Saf ranin : 



L. martagon, moderate, value 55. 



L. maculatum, moderate, less than in L. martagon, value 45. 



L. dalhansoni, moderate, the same as in L. martagun, value 65. 

 Temperature : 



L. martagon, in majority at 62 to 64, in all at 66.5 to 68.3, 

 mean 67.4. 



L. maculatum, in majority at 57 to 58, in all at 60 to 62, mean 61. 



L. dalhansoni, in majority at 59 to 60.2, in all at 63 to 64, mean 

 63.9. 



The reactivity of L. martagon is higher than that of 

 the other parent in the reactions with polarization, iodine, 

 gentian violet, and safranin; and lower in those with 

 temperature. The reactivity of the hybrid is the same 

 or practically the same as that of L. martagon in the 

 reactions with polarization, gentian violet, and safranin ; 

 the highest of the three in that with iodine ; and inter- 

 mediate in that with temperature. With the exception 



of the temperature reaction, the relationship of the hybrid 

 is much closer to L. martagon than to the other parent. 

 Table A 26 shows the reaction-intensities in percent- 

 ages of total starch gelatinized at definite intervals 

 (seconds and minutes). 



VELOCITY-REACTION CURVES. 



This section treats of the velocity-reaction curves of 

 the starches of Lilium martagon, L. maculatum, and 

 L. dalhansoni, showing the quantitative differences in the 

 behavior toward different reagents at definite time-inter- 

 vals. ( Charts D 354 to D 360.) 



Most of the reactions occur with such rapidity that 

 the data do not lend themselves to the making of charts. 

 Gelatinization is complete within 15 to 30 seconds in 

 the reactions with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric 

 acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium 

 sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, 

 and sodium sulphide. In certain other reactions, even 

 though they proceed with speed, there are more or less 

 distinctive differences, as, for instance, in the reactions 

 with calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, 

 copper nitrate, cupric chloride, and mercuric chloride, in 

 all of which gelatinization is almost if not complete 

 within 3 minutes. In all of these reactions, excepting 

 those with uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, and cupric 

 chloride the hybrid reactions are very distinctly closer to 

 those of L. maculatum than to those of the other parent; 

 in those with uranium nitrate and cupric chloride the 

 hybrid is approximately mid-intermediate ; and in those 

 with strontium nitrate the same as L. martagon. In 

 histologic and qualitative peculiarities, and in the polar- 

 ization, iodine, and aniline reactions the hybrid shows 

 in general a closer relationship to L. martagon; but occa- 

 sionally closer to the other parent, or intermediate as in 

 the temperature reaction. Referring to the charts, it will 

 be seen that in all of them the curves of L. maculatum 

 and the hybrid are almost exactly the same, and higher 

 than the curve of the other parent ; and that the hybrid 

 curves tend to be slightly lower than those of L. macu- 

 latum. The relatively greater resistance of the starch 

 of L. martagon is exhibited particularly in the curves 

 for chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, and barium chloride. 



REACTION-INTENSITIES OF THE HYBRIDS. 



This section treats of the reaction-intensities of the 

 hybrids as regards sameness, intermediateness, excess, 

 and deficit in relation to the parents. (Table A 26 and 

 Charts D 354 to D 360.) 



The reactivities of the hybrid are the same as those 

 of the seed parent in the reactions with polarization, 

 gentian voilet, and strontium nitrate ; the same as those 

 of the pollen parent with chloral hydrate; the same as 

 those of both parents with nitric acid, sulphuric acid, 

 hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium 

 iodide, potassium sulphocyanate, potassium sulphide, so- 

 dium hydroxide,' and sodium sulphide, in all of which 

 the reactions occur too quickly for differentiation ; in- 

 termediate with temperature, chromic acid, pyrogallic 

 acid, calcium nitrate, uranium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 

 copper nitrate, cupric choride, and barium chloride (in 

 seven closer to those of the pollen parent, in one closer 

 to that of the seed parent, and in one mid-intermediate) ; 

 highest with iodine and sodium salicylate (in one being 

 closer to the seed parent, and in one closer to the pollen 

 parent) ; and lowest with mercuric chloride, and closer 

 to the pollen parent. 



The following is a summary of the reaction-intensi- 

 ties : Same as seed parent, 4 ; same as pollen parent, 1 ; 

 same as both parents, 9 ; intermediate, 9 ; highest, 2 ; 

 lowest, 1. 



