REACTION-INTENSITIES WITH EACH AGENT AND REAGENT. 



I.V.I 



cli.-mutly differentiate.) l.y the inversion or reversion 



of the reactive-intensities of a given pair of reagent*, 



but lint by another pair. Thus in the rhloral-h\ 



anfl nitrn- acid reactions (Chart B 11) the first inversion 



Men occurs in the curve* between Hippeastrum and 



ll.tmanihus. the three upecies Htrmanlhus showing a 



y with nitric acid than with chloral hy- 



(irai.-, while Ilirmanthu* kathrrina shows the reverse. 



But the differentiation here is not generic because the 



.. -. II inmntHus puniffus, exhibits a reversion 



in rvlation to the first species. In the chromic-acid 



and pyrogallie-acid reactions the reverse is noted in 



the ! ' those two species, //. kathtrina showing 



minon with II \jipfiuttrum a higher reactivity with 



nc a< -id. while //. punicetu dhows the inversion. 



her charts (a*. fr instance, in Chart B 32 and 



> all species of Hippeastrum and lltrntanthus show 



Minion a higher reactivity with one of the two rea- 



: while in other charts there are various modifica- 



r instance, in Chart B 35 each Uippeaslrum 



shows different reactivities with the two reagents, bat the 



minuses no differ. 



ssing of the curves occurs a^ain between Nerinr 

 l-'iu.lfn\ and .V. sarniensis corusca major, thus markedly 

 differ the first from the last two species of this 



generic group. The same separation will be seen in 

 ntian violet and safranin), while in Chart 

 i: I (chloral hydrate and temperature) and Chart 8 (ni- 

 tric acid and iodine) the crossing occurs between A'. 

 erispa and .V. bmrdrnt. The next crossing occurs between 

 Iris and Gladiolus; the next between Tritonia and Be- 

 gnniti and the next between Begonia and Phaiut all rep- 

 resenting generic lines of division. Comparing the 

 of these points of inversion or reversion with 

 those in the nitric-acid and chromic-acid chart (Chart 

 l> l v i it will lie found that with two exceptions (between 

 Iris and Gladiolus, and between Tritonia and Begonia) 

 th<- [Hunts are entirely different. The first crossing here 

 <H < urs between Brunstigia and Hippeastrum ; the second 

 en Ilamanthus and Crinum; the third between 

 Tan urn moorri and C. teylanicum; the fourth between 

 .lanicum and C. Jongifolium; the fifth between Ne- 

 rine tamiensis var. corusca major and Narcissus; the 

 sixth between Narcissus and Lilium ; the seventh between 

 /, i/i urn and Iris; the eighth between Iris ctngialti and 

 7. ptrsica var. purpurea; the ninth between Iris and Glad- 

 iolus; and the tenth between Tritonia and Begonia. 

 Some of these ten inversions and reversions occur between 

 generic representatives, while others represent subgeneric 

 dividing lines. 



The different points of inversion and reversion of the 

 nr-.es shown in these charts (Charts B 1 to B40) are 

 exhibited collectively in Chart B41, this presentation 

 ring further detailed statement in regard to each 

 chart unnecessary. Even a superficial study of the vary- 

 ing points of crossing of the curve* and of the totals of 

 this chart brings out very interesting and significant c >m- 

 parisons. In confirmation of statements made in preced- 

 ing pages, it will be found that in some of the charts (12 

 out of the 40) no crossing of the curves occurs at any 

 part; that in most of the charts there are inversions and 

 reversions, the number ranging from 3 to 10 ; that inver- 

 sions and reversions are, on the whole, more common 



when the agents and reagents are of dissimilar character 

 and when they exhibit wide and frequently varying 

 ranges of reaction-intensities; and that the crossings 

 of the curve* are moat apt to occur at point* of separation 

 of genera and subgeneric representative*, and in variable 

 numbers with different reagent* and different starches at 

 such place*. The closely related genera Amaryllis and 

 Brunsvigia are distinguished bj the inversion of the 

 reactions in only a single instance ( Chart B 4, tempera- 

 ture and chloral-hydrate reactions). Brunsvigia and 

 Hippeastrum have a separation by 9 crossing*, but the 

 latter is separated from Ilamanthus by only 3. Curi- 

 ously, the two species of lltrmanthus are separated by 6 

 crossings, these variations of the curve* suggesting sub- 

 generic division of the species. Utfrnanthus is separated 

 from frinurn by 8 crossings, and Crinum from Nerine 

 by 7 ; but there are 9 between Crinum moorei and C. try- 

 lanicum. and 11 between the hitter and (\ longifolium, 

 markedly differentiating the two hardy forma from the 

 tender form. The separation of Nerine from rrinm and 

 from Narcissus is well marked, there being 7 crossings 

 at the former point and 14 at the latter. Narcissus is 

 separated from Lilium by !), and the latter from Iris by 

 15. The separation of the first three Irids from the 

 fourth is evident by 8. Gladiolus and Tritonia are 

 separated by only 3, but these two are oeparated from 

 Iris by 12 and from Begonia by 11. The remarkable 

 differences exhibited by the tuberous and semituberous 

 Begonias are here illustrated by the separation of the 

 two by 16 crossings. Begonia is separated from Phaius 

 by 7, and Phaius from Miltonia by 8. 



Wide Differences in the Reactions with Different 

 Pairs of Reagent*. Another feature of exceptional in- 

 terest is the wide differences in the reactions of different 

 pairs of starches with different reagent*, as ha* been 

 referred to repeatedly, and which is worthy of some 

 special notice. This peculiarity is well exemplified, for 

 instance, in Amaryllis and Brunsvigia. Little or. in 

 some instances, no difference is observed in the 

 reactions of these starches with chromic arid, sul- 

 phuric arid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, potas- 

 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium sulphocya- 

 nate, sodium sulphide, cobalt nitrate and barium chlo- 

 ride ; distinct but not marked differences are noted with 

 chloral hydrate and sodium salicylate; and marked dif- 

 ferences are recorded with pyrogallic acid, potassium 

 sulphide, sodium hydroxide, calcium nitrate, uranium 

 nitrate, strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, and cupric 

 chloride. The reactions of Amaryllis are higher than 

 those of Brunsvigia with chloral hydrate, nitric 

 acid, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, potassium sul- 

 phide, sodium hydroxide, sodium salicylate, calcium ni- 

 trate, uranium nitrate, strontium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, 

 and cupric chloride; lower with pyrogallic acid, potas- 

 sium hydroxide, potassium iodide, potassium snlpbocya- 

 natc, barium chloride, and mercuric chloride; and the 

 same with chromic acid and sodium sulphide. Even 

 better illustrations are to be found with other pair* of 

 starches, as, for instance, the two Begonias. 



Limitation of Number of Gelatinizing Reagents, Etc. 

 The variety of the reagents used in this research to 

 gelatinize starch, together with the amphoteric proper- 

 tie* of the starch molecules, may give the impression 



