NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS. 





nd qualitative gflatinization ,. with a variety 



of chemical reagent* which represent a wide rang? of 

 different-! * in BMMVlBr ewnposatiott. Ill wiinc in-tan.?* 

 tin- starch mol.-vules alone or largely determi: 



on. while 111 other- li.'th stnrvh .in.l reagent play 

 important part*, as in chemical r g.-n. rally. 



Thus, in tin- cr\.-tall<igra|>lii. .if the 



gMiin crj-taU .11,.! in ill,' polarization nl, 



> ih-- ni no change; hence tin- 



on- i-xpn--- p.. 'Hilarities that an- inherent : 

 niol.-ciiles. In i>i: ntian- 



ii"lrt an. I *afnmiii reaction-, the organization of the 

 molecule* is cither uniitTcrt<>d or affected t> an und-- 



! dcgn-e, the reui -lions I.. 



tion phenomena; in t! reaction* there is DVOO* 



alily a f.vKle chemical combination of the iodine and 



i. lint without .ij']>.ir.'iit intcrmlccular ili-nrgan- 



ii ; in the temperature ami . h. in.,- 1! i, :u'. 'it reac- 



there if nn inteniiolerular hr.-akm.' .|..ti bj a 



-s of hydration. with which process there may be 



asocial^! n-a.-tion. that \ar\ 111 character ami numlier in 



:an. e with |N-cuhariti.'S MI the c..mp.i-iti..n of the 



reagents. If the molecules of the starches from different 



f are in the form of - .era, it follows, ng a 



eorollary. that they imi-t .-xliil.it differences in their 



hehaxior with different agents and reagents, and .-how 



ditTeren.es that ure relat.-d to \anation in the kind of 



agent and in the composition and concentration of the 



In other words, the reaction in each case i* 



conditioned by the kind of starch and the kind of 



(lot or reap 



VBIMTY OF MKTHOIW A8 SlIOWS BV ClIAKTS AMD 



i.iKMiiv OF RESULTS COLLICTIVBLY. 



It is ohvi.ms that testa of the reliahility of the 

 methods employed in the differentiation of starches 

 from various sources are to be found in the agreement 

 of the results of r \periments and in th- 



formitv of the results with established data of the gynte- 

 \a stated in preceding paragraphs, the polari- 



, iodine, and aniline methods are, notwithstanding 

 their crudity and limitations, reliable if the experiment* 



irried out with siilli. lent rare; the temperature ( 

 gelatinization method is accurate within verj- narrow 

 limits of error; and the gelatinization method used in 

 the present research by means of chemical reagents is 



i.-ally exact. The fir-4 three me<h<Hl are, owing 

 to their usually very re*tri,t-<l ruu-e <>f values, of very 

 much more usefulness in the differentiation of memliers 

 of a genus than of different genera, and this applies, 

 although to a less degree, to the temperatun? of gela- 

 tinizat!<>n method; while the chemical reagent method 

 has unlimited application to Iwth intrageneric and in- 

 tngencric differentiation, though the different rea- 

 have widely varying values. In comparing 

 these records with those of the systematic it is im- 

 portant t- . that a slight chanifi> in molecular 



tution may give rise t" \.-rv marked changes in 

 properties and that distinction must lie made between 

 that which is definitely established and that which is ten- 

 tative in ev.n the ino-t advanced taxonomic system. All 

 things if.n-id.-r. <!. it i- remarkable how close in general 

 is the greement of the data of these exceeding 

 lar meth. -ti^ation. In fact, they are evidently 



mutually cnrrr-ti\i 



or a. tual duagreemeuU etist it doulitlca* will U- fond 

 thai further applications of the phyK-o^hcmic*J method 

 will dHMMtnto the 



i the several charU are of 



in sh.iwin- the : the meth 



particularly thorn- which are included in the groups 1) 1 

 I.. I' 69] and I! 1 ! 

 soinewli.il dcUiile.l a in >,,n..ii 2 and 



i IV. Kven a most cursory examination wpar- 

 -iher will ileinoiihtra:. 

 'ii|i 1' I in which are pre- 



the progress of gelatinization at r\als, 



in the char. > ill in 



courses in the individual charts and in the parent ! 

 and the generic grou|M, that they are quite as dependable 

 as the data of the systematisi U re these records not 

 reliahle, it seems clear that (lie curves would not take 

 regular but irregular or xigxag circumlinear courses, or 

 instead of being straight or practically straight lines be 



ular, etc.; moreover, there would not U- the con- 

 formity of the curves of the reactions with each reagent 

 that is found in each set of parent- and hyl> 

 or in the sets belonging to each genus, excepting in the 

 when subgenem diusions are represented. The 

 more or less marked suhp-n.-nc .liir.-r.-n.vH attest the 

 value of the method, and if in some instance* they may 

 seem to be disproportionate to the difference!* of the sys- 

 tematist, this may be and d.mlitleas is owing to a gr 

 sensitivity of the ph\>ic.. chemical method. 



The plan adopted in the preparation of Charts E 1 to 



in whi.-h composite curves of the reaction-intensi- 

 ties are exhibited, has proved in a very large measure 

 successful in eliciting \arietal, species, Mihgcncric. and 

 generic peculiarities, but its essential defect is to be 

 found in the neglect of differences that were found dar- 

 ing the earlier periods of experiment. In the formula- 

 tion of these charts terminal data were used (hat is, the 

 time of complete or practically complete gelatinization 

 in an hour or of the jMTcentage of total tar. h p-latu 

 within the same period. In many instances such figures 

 may be the same, yet there may have been more or leas 

 marked differences in the progress of gelatinization dur- 

 ing the early f>criods of the experiments. Notwithstand- 

 ing such defects, there is in general a remarkable degree 

 of conformity of these curves with taxonomic data. Then 

 should be considered with the foregoing the figures pre- 



! in Table B 1 which give the numlMT- f ory high, 

 high, moderate, low, and very low res sums of 



: and average reaction -in tensities of 

 each starch and each parcnt-lnlirid - t of starchea. 



OEXER.U. ' * DRAWN FROM RnrL-ra or 



THE HEMOOLOBI.X RKSKARCHBS. 



The results of the crystallographic studies of the 

 hemoglobins indicate : that there is a common strn 

 of the hemoglobin molecule, whatsoever the source of the 

 hemoglobin ; that the crystals of the species of a genus 

 belong to a crntallographic group which represents 

 grner vstaN of each species of a genus 



when favorably developed can be distinguished from 

 r species of the genns; that in some spe- 

 cies there may Ix- found one. two. or three forms of bBO 

 , and that this seems to be a generic peculi 



