XXX INTRODUCTIOX. 



thukly wooded, the proportion of forest varying- from 9 to 23 per cent for different 

 g-overnments, while in some parts it is insignificantly smaU. Further, in the 

 governments of Tula and Eiazan coal measures have been found. From the earliest 

 times the manufacture of various articles from iron and copper has been firmly estab- 

 lislied in Tula, such as. guns and samovars, used througliout Eussia,, and domestic 

 implements. 



In the Eriansk forests of the Oriol government glass blowing, wocdwork, the 

 manufacture of machinery and other industries have sprung- up, whose d^^velopment 

 in the so-called Maltsev district has acquired notoriety over all Eussia. The distilling 

 of alcohol, the beet sugar and many other branches of manufacturing industry li6re 

 have all the necessary conditions for prosperity, and on the whole this district from 

 its comparative populousness and central position, and from the discovery of local 

 coal, must naturally by degrees pass over from a purely grain-growing activity to 

 such a form of the combination of agriculture with manufactures as now already 

 corresponds to the majority of the more densely inhabited districts of Eussia, and 

 wliich till now was to a certain extent observed by the Central Moscow Eegion 

 alone. 



The above enumerated regions of the Empire are entered in the annexed map 

 which indicates the degree of development in them of manufacturing industries. 



In order to still more closely characterize the industrial activity and mutual 

 relation of the above indicated fourteen regions of the Eussian Empire in the table 

 given below, each Eegion has been shown in separate columns : 1. the area in square 

 geographical miles (1 square geographical mile equals 48.38 square verstes, equals 

 55.06 square kilometres, equals 21.25 square English miles); 2. the number of inhab- 

 itants; 3. the density of the population, or the number of inhabitants to one square 

 geographical mile ; 4. the quantity of grain obtained per annum, distinguishing a. oats, 

 as a grain grown throughout Eussia principally as feed for horses ; &. the total amount 

 of breadstuffs going to feed the population: rye, wheat, barley, peas, maize, millet, 

 buckwheat; c. the surplus or deficiency of the same; 5. the quantity of spirit distilled 

 per annum, both from grain and from grapes, in vedros (1 vedro := 12.299 litres = 

 2.707 gallons) of absolute alcohol, which is a well known measure of the develop- 

 ment in various regions of the manufacturing treatment of agricultural products; 

 6. the quantity in millions of ponds of cast iron, produced in the district in 1890, 

 as a measure of the development in various districts of metallurgical works; 7. th6 

 number of manufactories and mills, excepting mining works and those which are sub- 

 ject to excise, registered in the reports of the Department of Trade and Manufac- 

 tui'es; 8. the amount of the annual output of all the manufactories indicated in the 

 preceding column, entered according to the declarations of the owners, in millions of 

 roubles; 9. the amount of the output of the manufactories, subject to excise, distil- 

 leries, breweries, sugar bakeries, tobacco manufactories, petroleum refineries and match 

 works, reckoning on an average without excise but with by-products, spirit at 2 rou- 

 bles *, beer and mead at 1.50 roubles a vedro, sugar at 5 roubles a poud of refined, 



' The values cited further on are expressed in paper roubles and represent the average 

 fabric prices at the places of their production, including by-products not subject to excise. 

 Thus, the price of spirit is about one rouble and a half, but as the malt grains produced 



