INTUODUCTION. XXXI 



tobacco at an average of 30 roubles a i)oiul tor tlie higher qualities and 7 roubles 

 for the lowest, or maJchorka, and matches at 5H roubles a million, and 15 kopecks a 

 poud for all illuminating- and lubricating- products of the distillation ot petroleum 

 (account is taken of raw naphtha in the amount of next column); 10. the amount of 

 the output of the manufticturing and mining industries, under the purview of the 

 Mining- Department, reckoning- a poud of gold direct from the mine at 20,000 roubles, 

 a poud of silver, 1,100 roubles, copper 10 roubles, and zine 4 roubles, cast iron, 

 50 kopecks, hardware made from same 1.50 roubles, iron and steel in rails, strips 

 and sheets, at 1.50 to 2.25 roubles \ iron goods at 4 roubles a poud, coal at fi kopecks, 

 salt at 7 kopecks, naphtha at 5 kopecks a poud *, asphalt and Jcir at 15 kopecks a 

 poud, sulphur at 1 rouble a poud, manganese ores at 40 kopecks a poud and phos- 

 phate rocks at 15 kopecks a poud; 11. the total of the amounts in the last three 

 columns. 



The following remarks are in explanation of the facts 

 and figures contained in the tables. 



In reference to the statistics of population it must be observed that as there 

 has been no general census of the population in Eussia since the fifties, the number 

 of the inhabitants is only known approximately, being determined from the birth and 

 death rates, and in general deduced from considerations which are subject to some 

 question. On this ground there may be an error in the statistics of population reach- 

 ing and even exceeding 5 per cent. Therefore, both in the case of the number of 

 inhabitants, and the density of the population, as in column 3, only round numbers are 

 used. These are founded upon the most trustworthy calculations, and include the 

 population down to 1890. 



Under the designation of breadstuffs are understood rye, wheat, millet, barley, 

 peas, buckwheat, spelt and maize. The data for their yields, after deduction of seed 

 were obrained in the Department of Agriculture from D. P. Semeuov and constitute 

 the average yield for the five years 1883 to 1887. The figures referring to oats are 



thereb}^, together with the casks, cost not less than 50 kopecks, it is valued at 2 roubles 

 per vedro. These values certainly vary according to the quality of the products, the years 

 and the places of production, but the total value of the production is given here in order 

 to show, although partly and conditionally, the relative development of the yield of excise 

 products in different localities. 



♦ Taking into consideration that not less than one and one-fifth pouds of cast iron 

 are expended on a poud of steel and iron, and substracting the value of cast iron, the 

 production of iron and steel in strips, rails et cetera, must be reckoned at about 90 kopecks, 

 and in sheets, at about 1.80 roubles. 



^ Although a poud of naphtha in Baku is at present estimated at not more than 

 2 kopecks, naphtha residues into which at present the principal mass of naphtha is 

 transferred, cost about 3 to 6 kopecks; and as the account of the production of kerosene, 

 among the products subject to excise, includes only lighting oils the value of the other 

 products of naphtha distillation is estimated approximately, counting a poud of Taw naphtha 

 at 5 kopecks. 



