XXXIl INTRODUCTION. 



placed separately because this £i-rain is almost exclusively used as feed for cattle. 

 The calculation of the excess (f ) or deficit ( — ) of breadstuffs has been made upon 

 the basis of the hypothesis justified by many data that the yearly proportion of such 

 breadstuffs per inhabitant of Eussia may be assumed on an average as equal to 

 12.5 pouds. about 205 kiloi>rams or about 451 English pounds, reckoning under 

 this quantity also the various collateral applications of the same, which are, however, 

 comparatively limited. 



The nuMiber of manufactories and works given in the seventh column is taken 

 from data supplied by the Department of Trade and Manufactures. In this calcula- 

 tion, in the case of all governments excepting Finland, no account is taken of print- 

 ing and lithograjihing shops, nor of bakeries, wine making, nor of small household or 

 artisans shops and works. Furthermore, from these figures are excluded distilleries, 

 sugar bakeries and refineries, tobacco, kei-osene and match manufactories and all mining 

 works. Thus, the figures of this column designate only the statistics for the more 

 considerable industrial undertakings, except mining and those subject to excise. A 

 list by name of the majority of the manufactories is published in the form of a book 

 by Mr. Orlov: dndex to the Manufactories and Mills*, 1893, 



The manufactories subject to excise are distilleries, manufactories of vodka, 

 yeast, raw sugar, refined sugar, petroleum and kerosene, tobacco and matches. Their 

 output is very accurately known, but only in terms of the quantity of their produc- 

 tions, not their value. For the sake of giving uniformity and summariness to the 

 data, characterizing the industrial activity of the various parts of the Empire, this 

 production should be translated into roubles, employing those average prices which 

 are given in the text, where also are included, whenever possible, the value of collateral 

 products. The excise dues are not included in the value of the products; they reached 

 in 1890, .333,000,000 roubles. 



Column 10 includes not only the getting of metals, as in Table 3, coal and 

 salt, but also sulphur and naphtha, as shown in the notes explaining the tables. 

 Although the comparative magnitude of the amounts, given in columns 11 and 

 12, shows the degree of development of industry in different parts of Eussia, these 

 figures do not exhaust the whole mining and manufacturing production of the country, 

 not only because not all the manufactories and works are subject to effective regis- 

 tration as was observed above, but also because the valuation of the production in 

 e.ich case itself suffers from various defects. A near idea of the magnitude of the 

 industrial development, with the exception of mining works and manufactures paying- 

 excise, which are here given with all possible accuracy, is to be obtained from the 

 figures of the eighteenth column of the next table, because they are deter- 

 mined according to declarations verified by the local courts of taxation with the 

 participation of the producers themselves. The data for Finland are borrowed from 

 the official publication, Statistisk Arsbok for Finland 1889 and 1890, but the information 

 upon industry for this district refers to 1886 to 1888. The statistics of the harvest 

 belong to 1887, which was particularly plentiful in Finland. Hence depends the 

 circumstance that the deficiency of grain in Finland (3 million pouds) appears below 

 the ordinary import of that article into the country, namely, about 5 to 6 million 

 pouds. It is knoAvn that the north and south of the Caucasus and the western part 

 of .Siberia export grain, while the Central Asiatic Eegion is satisfied with its own 



