INTRODUCTION. XXXHI 



grain, a part even being exported. Hence the total surplus of breadstuffs in Russia 

 in years with average harvests is more than that which is given in the total of 

 the fourth column of the table. The harvest for the Polisli region is taken as the 

 average of the combined information for 1889 to 1891, obtained together with other 

 data as indicated above. The average harvest of oats being 359 million pouds, Russia 

 sends abroad on an average about 56 million pouds, which shews a consumption of 

 about three pouds per inhabitant. Oats in Russia are mainly used as feed for 

 horses. 



The average surplus of 275 million pouds of breadstuffs obtained in years of 

 average yield, such as were the years 1883 to 1887, corresponds to the average 

 export across the European frontier, not counting the Caucasus, which is given by 

 the customs accounts for 1884 to 1888, by which the relative justice of tlie method 

 of calculation here adopted is proved. At any rate it is indisputable that the regions 

 I, II, Iir, IV and XII do not produce a sufficient quantity of grain, while the re- 

 gions V (the Eastern), IX (the Southern) and XIV (the Middle Chernoziom) in general 

 furnish Avith their surpluses not only the other regions of Russia, but also many 

 regions of Western Europe, especially Germany and Great Britain. Although the 

 regions I, II and XI show a development of industry combined with a deficit of 

 grain, and therein resemble the countries of Western Europe, yet the Eastern (V) 

 a,nd Southern (IX) regions present a simultaneous development both of the grain^ 

 industrial production, of which many other regions of Russia ai'e capable, and espec- 

 ially the Caucasus. 



The total amount of the manufacturing production of Russia in 1890 given in 

 the table, 1,597 million roubles, differs from that given on page VII, 1,656 million 

 roubles, principally in this, that in the case of industries subject to excise, 

 sugar, tobacco, beer, spirit and matches, the values are quoted with excise duties. 

 This was done because it was impossible for the preceding years to completely 

 separate the excise upon these articles, to judge from official data, while for 1890 

 it was possible. In the case again of the products of the naphtha industry, average 

 values taken over several years were quoted, while for the account of the year 

 1890 the average prices of that year were taken, which are lower than those in the 

 preceding years; at any rate from the difference in the figures upon which they are 

 based the possibiKty of a greater error must be admitted. As a consequence the 

 figures given in the table must be regarded as only approximate and intended to give 

 an idea of the economic activity of different regions of Russia. Thus, for example, 

 in the table it is clear, that the value of the produce of grain in the Central Region 

 (I) is several times less than that of the products of manufacturing industry, the 

 same appearing to be tlie case for the regions II and XI, while in the case of the 

 Little Russian and Central Chernoziom regions (XIII and XIV) . the reverse holds 

 good. The value of the grain is higher than the value of the products of the manu- 

 factories and mills. To this last category belongs the majority of the remaining re- 

 gions, even the Eastern and the Southern. 



By the figures of the last column an effort is made to express the value of the 

 breadstuffs produced in the Region per capita, assuming by a convention the value 

 ■of a poud of oats at 50 kopecks and the average value of a poud of breadstuffs as 80 

 kopecks. It thus appears that only in the Central Chernoziom Region and in the 



