XXXIV INTRODUCTION. 



Southern do they amount to 19 roubles per capita, while the average yield of grain 

 to each inhabitant of Russia reaches 14 roubles a year, nearly equalling the value 

 of the production of the manufactories and mills, although in different regions the 

 diflerences are very sensible. The greatest industrial development, however, combined 

 with export of grain is attained above all in the Eastern and Southern regions, 

 supphing grain and metals to the other regions of Eussia, and so proving that the 

 desired combination of agricultural with manufacturing and mining activity is both 

 natural and possible. The highest amount of production falling per inhabitant 

 is however to be clearly found in the two metropolitan regions (I and II) and the 

 Polish (XI) where manufacturing, and not grain growing industries, predominates. 



In the above mentioned reports of various Government organs there are no data 

 upon many important industries, for example, wines, wood charcoal, tar obtained by 

 the peasants in the woods, carts, harness, bricks and a number of household pro- 

 ducts. Moreover, generally speaking, the collection of statistical data, touching various 

 branches of industry, with the exception of those which are subject to excise dues, 

 is not yet carried out systematically. For these reasons the figures set forth in 

 columns. 7, 8 and 11, must be regarded as merely approximate and relative in value. 

 Their relative magnitude, however, nevertheless characterizes the degree of indus- 

 trial development of the various districts of Eussia. In completion of this charac- 

 terization, columns 12 and 13 exhibit in roubles per inhabitant the quantity of pro- 

 duction both of manufactured goods (Column 12) and of cereals (Column 13), these 

 figures showing clearly the relative degree of development in the Eegion concerned of 

 the two classes of industries, manufacturing and agricultural. For the further explanation 

 of the character of the regions of Eussia, the Tables on pages XXVIII and XXIX also 

 is inserted, taken from tbe report recently published by the Department of Trade and 

 Manufactures, under the title, « Statistical Results of the Eates and assessed Taxes for 

 the Year 1889 ». In 1889 both guild and non-guild, commercial and industrial under- 

 takings, were all subject to assessment. All the more extensive commercial under- 

 takings pay guild dues, while some industrial enterprises are exempt. Among the 

 various forms of business were included, 1,184 companies with shares, not counting 

 railways and mutual insurance, 142,981 guild concerns, among which were purely 

 commercial, contracts, hotels, warehouses and carriers, besides manufactures, printing- 

 offices, photographic shops, tailor and bookmaker shops and other trades and indus- 

 tries. There were further 250,624 non-guild forms of business, in all 394,789 con- 

 cerns, or including those exempt from assessed taxes and rates, 420,000 undertakings. 



It must here be observed that Finland knows no assessed taxes and that rates 

 are collected throughout the Empire, again excepting Finland, from industries and 

 all kinds of undertakings with shares. Assessed taxes are not exacted in the Central 

 Asiatic district, while in the Transcaucasian governments, in Siberia and in the 

 governments of Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irkutsk, they are collected only from 

 undertakings, the remaining or non-guild being exempt therefrom. Finally, in the 

 governments ef Olonets and Archangel assessed taxes are only exacted from guild 

 enterprises. Among the undertakings paying assessed taxes but not pajdng guild 

 dues, namely such as are small and personal, are both commercial and industrial or 

 manufacturing undertakings. For the purpose of this work, there is no need to 

 distinguish payers of guild dues from others. It is more important to draw the dis- 



