INTRODUCTION. X[,1X 



discovered, for example, M^ moans of the extension of electric mutors acting- from 

 central electrical stations. Further, comes the discovery of convenient metliods of 

 oljtaining high temperatures and constant heat on a sukUI scale. Towards both of 

 tliese objects technical science is without doubt now striving-, thus making manifest 

 contributions on its part to the perfection of industrial and economical life. For these 

 reasous it is impossible to consider that the last word has been pronounced in the struggle 

 between large and small entreprises, and there is every hope that it will in time again 

 appear most profitable and expedient to carry on part of the industries on a small 

 scale, leaving only a portion of them to be handled as 1 irge enterprises, some of which 

 will probably pass into the hands of the (rovernment, as in the case of the railways. 



It must be borne in mind that the kiistars must receive raw material not only 

 from agricultural industry, as for example, leather, horn, timber, but also from manu- 

 facturing industry, namely, metals and chemical products. It hence follows necessarily 

 that the possibility of a wide development of household industry is possible only upon the 

 condition of a simultaneous development of mining and manufacturing. The relative 

 cost of machine work in the mills and factories, and upon hand work with the aid of a few 

 tools only in household industry, indicates the limit to the extension of each of these forms 

 of industry. At any rate, in the estimation of Russian industrial production according 

 to the existing statistics, it is necessary always to bear in mind that the whole of house- 

 hold industry disappears in the existing accounts, and that it is in Russia very great. 



There is yet one other vast form of industrial activity of Russia, which either 

 entirely escapes registration or enters only partially, for example, into the accounts 

 of the mining works. These are the government manufactories and mills, and. such 

 large undertakings as the railway companies. The needs of the Government, and in 

 particular of the Departments of War and Marine, cause, on account of the limited 

 cliaracter of private manufacturing enterprise, the frequent foundation of Government 

 manufacturies and mills. Such, for example, are the Department for the Preparation 

 of (iovernment Notes, which presents the most perfect institution in Russia for the 

 manufacture of paper for engraving and printing, the mint, the laboratories for 

 separating thr; noble metals, foundries, ordnance works, powder mills, factories for 

 small arms, cartridge manufactories, tinned-provision manufactures, brass tube works, 

 ship-building yards, works for making instruments used in measurement, and many 

 others. The Government manufactories, in not a few cases, must be regarded as the 

 founders of many kinds of industry in Russia. Such, for example, are the first cloth 

 and paper n)anufactories, foundries, and porcelain works. They conMnuo, however, in 

 the majority of cases to exist only so long as private enterprise has not grown to 

 a sufficient extent to satisfy the demand existing on the part of the Government. 

 Many of the Government works thus represent only the first forms of the develop- 

 mejit of manufacturing industry in Russia. Dut as many forms of it, to judge from 

 all that has been said above, are even now only in the primitive stages of their 

 development, so there still exist not a few (government works, and manufactories of 

 various kinds, which often escape registration. It is useful to keep this in view when 

 considering the statistical data of the manufactories and mills. 



In the annexed Table 11 is contained full information upon trade and industry, 

 except mining and industries paying excise in Russia, without Finland, and with the 

 omissions mentioned in connection with Table 6, according to the returns of the as- 

 sessed and income taxes, which served in the construction of Table 6. 



n. jv 



