INTEODUCTJON. 



LI 



It appears from tin- data of Tabic 11 that the operations of trade exceed those 

 of tlie manufactories ;uid mills, subject to income and assessed taxes, five and one-half 

 times Sncli a remnrkable preddininancc of trade activity over industry depends not 

 only upon the fact that in the lirst participate the products of ag-riculture, especially 

 grain, the operations in wliich are very considerable both at home (Table 5) and 

 abroad (Table 8 ; but upon the fact that trade in Russia has several staji-es of trans- 

 )nission, or intermediate steps, in passing from the producers to the consumers. This 

 latter circumstance is determined both by the vastness of the distances dividing- them 

 from each other, and by the minute character of the trading institutions, all of 

 Avhich without exception are subject to record, although not all pay income or 

 assessed taxes. 



To judge of the distribution of the total production (Table 3) among the various 

 foruis of manufactories and mills, the data on the production of those not subject to 

 excise, for th" whole Empire except Finland, will be lirst given. 



M A N U F A C T U U E S. 



1880. 



1890. 



Paper kouislks. 



Textile manufactnres 



Writing paper 



Wood work 



Metal 3> 



Ceramic industry, glass, cement. . . 



Chemicals, colours 



Leather and other animal products . 

 Comestibles 



V^arious industries not included above 



419,500,000 

 l(i,000,OGO 

 19,000,000 



115,600,000 

 27,300,000 

 ]3.-10r),000 

 97,600,000 



123,900,000 

 9,400,000 



518,700,000 

 22,300,000 

 33,400,000 



148,800,000 

 32,500,000 

 23,900,000 

 74,200,000 



190,600,000 

 18,600,000 



848,000,000 ! 1,064,000.000 



These data of the Department of Trade and Manufactures do not include either 

 the production of articles paying excise or mining works. Making use of the inform- 

 ation upon this subject, and of that upon the income and assessed taxes (Tables 6 

 and 11), and adding the information concerning Finland, there results the following 

 picture of the development of the whole of the larger industrial and manufacturing 

 enterprises of Eussia. The data are here distributed according tb the kinds of goods 

 produced, and in the order in which they are considered in the several Chapters of 

 this Volume, with the addition of the facts abaut the mining industry. The follow- 

 ing Table is based upon ofticial sources, and answers approximately to the con- 

 teniporory state of things ; but it is impossible that it should be quite complete for 

 a number of reasons, already explained above. The chief of these is that the minor 



