LII INTRODUCTION. 



iudustries. and some of the (_TOveniinent works, do not appear in the present s\stem 

 of registration. Further, iu many industries tlie prime material is derived from the 

 products of other correlative manufactories and works; for example, cast iron and 

 iron iu the manufacture of machinery, hardware and cutlery, yarn in weaving, et 

 cetera. Hence the total production shows a seeming- exag-geration of tlie industrial 

 activity, to perfectly correct which is, however, impossible without a minute analysis 

 of all the separate cases. In the absence, then, of more detailed information it may 

 be assumed that the indicated repetitions only in some degree make good the omis- 

 sion of (Government and minor industries. 



It appears from the above table that to each manufactory or works correspond 

 about 47,500 roubles annual turnover, and about 43 workmen. The average figures 

 show that the minoi- industrial undertakings do not enter into the number of 

 manufactories and mills liere taken into consideration. Besides this, attention should 

 be directed to the fact that some of the Russian manufactories and works, especially 

 cotton mills and metal works, reach very lai'ge dimensions. Thus, for example, 18 

 to 20 thousand workmen are employed in the cotton mill belonging to Savva Moro- 

 zov at Nikolsk, government of Vladimir. The mills of Zakhari Morozov & Sous, 

 Hill & Ditrich, that at Krenholm, and many others, as also the metal foundries of 

 Demidov, Hughes, and others, also employ thousands of workmen. 



Comparing the totals of the two last columns, it appears that on an average 

 each workman corresponds to an annual turnover of about 1,100 roubles in the 

 various mills and manufactories. The proportion per workman is least where the 

 original plant and the raw material are cheap, and much hand labour is required. 

 Such works, especially those connected with mining, evidently taking into account 

 the abundance of cheap workmen and the restricted amount of free capital in the 

 country, have the grieatest chance of a successful and useful influence in Eussia. 

 Where also tlie raw material forms a fairly large share of the value of the finished 

 goods, and where there is a great expenditure of mechanical and intelligent energy, 

 a much more considerable amount of annual business corresponds to each workman, 

 namely, two to three thousand roubles. 



The figures noted further show that the number of workmen engaged in all 

 the mills, manufactories, and mining industries of Eussia does not exceed 1,500,000 ; 

 in other words, does not constitute more than 1.25 per cent of the inhabitants. This 

 insignificant proportion of the population earning their wages by manufacturing 

 industry proves, like all that has been set forth above, that Eussia is only entering 

 into the circle of countries possessing an industrial character. 



The primitive historical organization of Eussia was principally territorial and 

 political, which arose from the necessity of defending the country and establishing 

 order in it. For this purpose, as has been seen, our people invited Princes to reign 

 over them, and then organised themselves into a Tsardom, and then into an Empire. 

 Thus did the agricultural mode of life of our country grow up under the influence 

 of the principles of territorial security, always combined with a distribution 

 of land. 



