2 MANTFACTURKS OF RUSSIA. 



^ovenimeut i»t' Vladimir. Tlie inhabitants of Ivanova in the middle of the eighteenth 

 century, besides agTicultnre ocoupitd themselves with wool-cleaning- and covering lineu 

 with oil paints. The tirst dyeing and calico printing mill was built about the years 

 1745 til 17r>(). This mill laid the foundation of printing, at the present time so widely 

 spread in the manufacturing districts of the Vladimir government. At the end of the 

 last century there were already several mills in Ivanova engaged in calico printing 

 on a large scale, while at the same time the manufacture of Turkey red was com- 

 menced, which was destined to occupy a prominent position among other manufactures 

 in dyed cotton textures. Turkey red was brought into Eussia long ago from Bokhara 

 and Persia, where it was first manufactured. The red textures were very much liked 

 by the inliabitants and the demand became so great that the Bokharans and Persians 

 founded in Eussia. in the governments of Astrakhan, Kazan and Viatka several mills. 

 Examining the produce of these mills in the, present age a contemporary, a Saxon by 

 birth, named John Voutich, found that in reference to the principles on which Eus- 

 sian tissues were dyed, they should occupy a place immeasurably above those of 

 Western Europe. 



From the commencement of the present century the manufacture of calico 

 from English spun yarns began to spread from the Moscow and Vladimir gov- 

 ernments into neighbouring parts, although the greater part remained in the Moscow 

 districts, due to their proximity to the Moscow market. The demand for yarns increased 

 so much that attempts were made to build their own spinning mills. The first 

 cotton spinning mill was erected in Moscow in the year 1808 by a merchant, named 

 Panteleyev. It is interesting to note that the machinery for this first Eussiau cotton 

 mill was of Eussian construction. In the same year was started the first power looms 

 at the Alexandrovsk Manufactory in St. Petersburg. Up to the year 1812 the number 

 of cotton spinning mills reached a total of eleven with 780 spinning machines. The 

 military events of 1812 told heavily on the newly established industry and Eussian 

 finances, and for some time retarded the further progress of cotton manufacturing, 

 but from the year 1820 it developed rapidly. In 1824 two large cotton spinning 

 mills were opened, one in St-Petersburg and the other in Moscow; and in the 

 third decade the manufacture of cotton tissues increased considerably, attracting 

 a large number of persons and capital. The first cotton spinning mills had to battle 

 with great difttculties in acquiring the necessary machinery, as it is well known that 

 in England, where the construction of such machinery was first commenced, up to the 

 year 1842 there existed a law prohibiting the export of such machinery to foreign 

 countries, the infrlngment of which law was punishable by death. Notwithstanding 

 these severe measures the machines were smuggled to foreign parts, and thus although 

 with great difficulty, made their way into Eussia. In the year 1842 the English 

 Government sanctioned the free export of machinery, and the cotton spinning mills 

 in Eussia. as a natural consequence, developed still more rapidly. In 1843 there were 

 40 mills in Eussia with a total of 350,000 spindles. The production of each spindle 

 per year equalled about one poud of cotton yarn. In ten years there were 1,000.000 

 spindles at work; the product per spindle increased to an average of 48 pounds. 

 The art of weaving, dyeing and calico |)rinting grew simultaneously with that 

 of cotton spinning. 



An idea of the gradual develoi)ment of cotton manufacture in Eussia may be 



