14 MANUFACTURES 01' RUSSIA. 



( ' H A i; A (• T K K I S T I C S OF T H F: I N DUST P. Y. 



The Riissiiui cotton s|)iniuiig industry, in g-eneral. does not go beyond the spin- 

 ning; of medium numbers and is limited to .\J 70. The annual average counts are 28, 

 approximately. The chief portion of yarns spun forms Nos. 30 to 34 twist, and Nos. 34 

 to 38 weft. In Russia the English system is adopted for numbering cotton yarns, 

 that is, the ctnints are arrived at by tlie number of luxnks of 840 yards each per 

 English jiound. These numbers are used for the manufacture of calico, which is fin- 

 islied by bleacliing, dyeing and printing. Fine counts are made in a comparatively small 

 quantity, althoug-li of recent years progress has been made in this direction. Many of 

 the existing spinning mills have commenced spinning line counts ; moreover, new 

 mills have been erected especially for this purpose and spin up to Nos. 125 and 130. 

 doubling' them into sewing- cottons or supi)lyiug w^eaving mills for the manufacture of 

 mixed goods. Tlie competition in manufacturing fine counts and sewing cottons in 

 Eussia is limited to tlie English manufacturers, such as Coats, Clark, and others, to 

 compete with whom is a matter of great difficulty. Consequently the whole of Russian 

 cotton spinning must be classed as medium and low counts. Grenerally speaking the 

 Russian spinning' mills do not make a specialty of spinning certain counts; each mill, 

 in the majority of cases, produces a whole assortment of numbers striving more or less 

 to get the full amount of yarn out of a given quantity of raw cotton. In conformity 

 to this, mixings of cotton are prepared from which diiferent num])ers of yarn are 

 made, for instance : for mule weft. Nos. 6 to 10, American cotton is used, or a mixture 

 of Asiatic cotton with waste; for Nos. 30 to 50 twist, American or Egyptian; for 

 weft. Nos. 30 — 50 American, or Nos. 60 — 70 Egyptian ; for throstle spinning, Nos. 

 12 to 18, Asiatic or Nos. 22 to 40, American or Egyptian, and so forth. Cotton 

 tissues fabricated in Russia consist principally of prints and self colours, Turkey 

 red, and the minor part, of bleached goods. The printed goods of Russian manu- 

 factnre in all respects answer the demands of modern times. With the great variety 

 of colours and styles of finish, they are capable of satisfying the buyer of refined and 

 ordinary tastes. The printed goods of the Moscow and Serpoukhov mills may be fear- 

 lessly placed on a par witli similar goods from the best Mulhausen and Rouen print 

 works. As regards calendered and red i)rints, which have such a widespread sale 

 throughout the Empire and also in the neighbouring Asiatic possessions, they may 

 be said to have justly earned a good reputation among foreigners. 



It must be remembered with regard to the characteristic development of Russian 

 industries for the hist twenty years that, besides the improvement in quality, the manu- 

 facture of clieaji and heavy goods has developed at the same time, which to a certain 

 extent is able to comi)ete with woollen goods and like prints, and supplies the wants of 

 the poorer classes of inhabitants. The above product takes the form of heavy, printed 

 goods, such as printed fustians, cotton cloth, tricot and others, the manufacture of 

 which was copied from Saxony and first made at the Pabianitsk mill, Kroushay, in 

 the Polish district, which was converted in 1873 from a shoddy mill into that of cotton 

 manufacturing. Tlie material thus manufactured is taken in the unbleached state and 

 dyed in dark colours, after which it is printed upon in still darker shades. These 

 fustians began to spread rapidly among the poorer classes of consumers, and as the 

 demand for printed fustians yearly increased'the Paljianitsk manufacturers began to 



