o2 -AIAXUFACTCRES OF RUSSIA. 



tlie Caucasus the rustic manufacture of the so-called Persian carpets is widely spread: 

 therefore, the registration of establishments supplying them is very difficult, so that 

 the turnover of tlie above-mentioned branches is greater than is shown by official 

 sti\tistics. At the same time there is comparatively little development in the manufacture 

 of such articles in mills, but the rustic trade or handicraft often distinguishes itself 

 in respect to quality and design, especially in the district beyond the Caucasus and 

 in Central Asia. The reason of this condition in respect to carpet manufacturing is: 

 first, the comparatively limited use of such carpets as are articles of luxury, beyond 

 the reach of the majority of the inhabitants, and are substituted by printed felt cai- 

 pets, or hemp and jute floor cloths, which are inexpensive, and are prepared in largy 

 quantities; secondly, this industry is also retarded by its dependence on foreign mai- 

 ufactories for acquiring the necessary materials. Thus, for the fabrication of fanc\' 

 carpets, cut or speckled, it is necessary to import woollen warps, printed in colours: 

 for the preparation of carpets from dyed warps, Jacquard, ii is very often necessary 

 to have recourse to foreign goods, for the cards for Jacquard looms, as there are s-o 

 many different designs. 



As regards the teclinical means for the manufacture of woollen goods, according 

 to statistics by the Department of Trade and Manufacture, embracing more or less 

 the larger mills, with an annual turnover of more than 2,000 roubles, there were i.i 

 1889, 479,993 spindles; 150,000 of these were engaged in the spinning of combed yarns. 

 and the remaining 330,000, devoted to the preparation of carded wool. The num- 

 ber of looms occupied in the production of woollen and half-woollen napless cloths 

 in the same year Avas 34,349. In reality the number of looms engaged in the pro- 

 duction of woollen goods is considerably more, as there are many rustic establish- 

 ments, statistics of which are not forwarded to the Department. In 1879, according 

 to official figures, there were 309,964 spindles and 25,898 looms at work. Thusduricg 

 a period of ten years the increase in the number of spindles was nearly 55 per cent, 

 and in looms, nearly 33 per cent. 



In order to value the commercial side of the manufacture of woollen goods, 

 the average costs of fabrications in all their different stages, as well as the cost of 

 raw material and finished goods must be taken into consideration. The cost of spin- 

 ning combed yarns in Russia may be ascertained from the following information. 

 derived from the accounts of a large typical woollen spinning mill, situated in the 

 Polish district, this district being selected because it occupies an influential position in 

 the development of combed wool spinning. This manufactory produces combed yarn 

 from combings, half of home preparation and half imported of the following fineness 

 and qitalities: AAA, Nos. 75 to 96: A A, Nos. 64 to 75: A, Nos. 20 to 74; B, Nos. 24 

 to 64; C, ^'2 32. * The yearly production of the spinning department, working day 

 and night for 295 days, 6,781 working hours, amounted to 55,000 pouds of yarn, me- 

 dium counts .V» 55.8 or 50,334,096 hanks, so that the average production per spindle 

 in 12 hours, taking into consideration that 7.66 per cent of time is lost in stoppages, 

 doffing and the like, was four and one-quarter hanks, 75.5 grammes, the old self-actors 

 producing 20.5 per cent less than the new ones. The average issue was as follows : 



* A hank contains 1000 metres. The Xi is arrived at by the number of hanks in 

 a kilogram 



