PAPER INDUSTRY. 67 



introduced iu Westeru Europe at tlie commencement of the present century, but 

 only penetrated into Russia after 1815. 



Tlie Emperor Alexander I, being desirous of introducing the latest improve- 

 ments of the trade into Eussia, ordered a mill to be built which might serve as a 

 model for others. This led to the establisliment of the Imperial Peterhov Paper Ma- 

 nufactory in 1817. and the tlrst continuous paper-making machines were used there, 

 instead of the hand process. The first results were however disastrous both from 

 a technical, and more especially from a commercial point of view, on account of 

 the mismanagement and extravagance of the foreign director, Mr. Westinghousen. 

 The mill was therefore given over to the Crown, and Kazin was appointed di- 

 rector. The aspect of aifairs soon changed, and during the six subsequent 

 years 1,2.30,000 roubles clear profit Avere realised, and the paper was of high 

 quality. The design of the Government in establishing this mill was not only to 

 make it a model for other manufacturers, but also to check the sale of foreign paper 

 iu Eussia, and to sell paper abroad. Unfortunately the price of the Peterhov paper, 

 in spite of its good quality, was high, and out of the reach of most consumers. This 

 fact, combined with the development of the private mills, led to the closing of the 

 l^eterhov Manufactory in 1849. The progress of civilization and the efforts of the 

 (Tovernment led to continued increase in the number of private mills, and from 1816 

 to 1841 the import of writing paper from abroad was forbidden. The tariff of 1841, 

 although it again permitted the import of paper, named the almost prohibitive duty 

 of 55 kopecks per pound. The tariffs of 1850 and 1857 reduced the duty to 5 roubles 

 per poud. 



The greater number of the mills adhered to their former processes of manu- 

 facture, and but few of them adopted any improved methods, some however began 

 to use the horizontal continuous paper-making machines. Gagarin in the Govern- 

 ment of Yaroslav, and Menschikov and Ousatchev in Moscow, introduced this important 

 improvement in 1837. and the success and commercial advantages of this important inno- 

 vation were soon felt and appreciated by most paper makers. In 1850, out of the 159 

 mills producing 3,225,000 roubles worth of paper, 29 were using continuous paper- 

 making machines and producing 2,000,000 roubles worth of paper, or about 62 

 per cent of the total amount. 



The following figures will convey some idea of the progress of the Eussian 

 paper-making industry from its commencement until 1884. This table clearly shows 

 that under the influence of the measures taken by Peter the Great and kept up 

 during the subsequent reigns, and also in consequence of the advance of civiliza- 

 tion, the number of paper mills gradually increased and especially developed be- 

 tween 1830 and 1862, on account of the introduction of paper-making machines wiiicli 

 superseded the old manual process. During this space of thirty-two years the 

 production increased nearly 60 per cent, but after 1862, judging from the number of 

 mills, it began to decline. After 1850 the production of the mills, given in roubles, 

 is stated, and this is more reliable than the number of mills. The history of paper 

 making is similar to that of many other branches of industry, the progressive impro- 

 vement of machinery is the same, more efficient and more productive methods are 

 adopted, requiring the expenditure of large sums of money, and therefore necessitating 

 considerable working capital. This is not within the reach of all mill owners, and many 



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