72 MANUFACTUEES OF RUSSIA. 



The production of writing, printing*, post and newspaper is more limited. Some spec- 

 ial mills manufacture the following varieties: prescription paper for chemists, in 

 many colours, tickets, book, telegraph, high class writing papers, so-called royal, minis- 

 terial, vellum, also cigarette paper, photographic and drawing paper, elephant, royal, 

 Alexandrian and others. 



The price of paper, according to its quality, weight, whiteness and finish, varies 

 greatly. One poud of writing paper of the various kinds, except the very high qual- 

 ities, such as royal and ministerial, Nos. 1 to 8, costs at the mill about 4.60 to 

 10 roubles, and printing paper from 4 to 6 roubles per poud. 



Almost all Russian paper is sized with vegetable or rosin size, animal size 

 being only used in the Imperial State Paper Manufactory, and a very few private 

 mills, for some special kinds of paper for executing special orders. The Troizk-Kon- 

 dyrevsk mill and that of Vargounine Bros, use it for making'the paper for card manu- 

 facture. Vegetable parchment is made at Pallisen's mill in the government of St-Pe- 

 tersburg, at Polivanov's in tlie government of Moscow, and at other mills. 



After this preliminary survey, the paper and cardboard industry in particular 

 should be studied. For the sake of convenience it may be divided into five districts. 

 The first comprises the Baltic provinces; the second deals with the governments 

 of Great Russia with the more highly developed production of the governments 

 of Kalouga, Vladimir, Tver, Moscow Yaroslav and Penza. The third district includes 

 the southern and south-western governments with the more considerable production 

 of the governments of Volhynia and Kiev. The fourth group is made up of the 

 western governments, that of Moghiliev ranking first. The fifth district comprises 

 the governments of Poland. Out of a total of 42 governments possessing paper mills 

 only those having a minimum production of 400,000 roubles are enumerated. 



The first district leads not only in its production but also in the number of 

 well arranged mills which it contains. The 18 paper mills in the government of 

 St-Petersburg have 52 steam boilers, 40 steam engines with a total of 2,035 horse 

 power and 30 turbines of 800 total horse power. They produce cardboard and paper 

 to the value of 3,830,000 roubles, and employ 2,238 men. 



The Imperial State Paper manufactory ranks first among the St-Petersburg 

 mills and is remarkable for the excellence of its product. But as it not only manu- 

 factures paper of the highest qualities for bank notes, stamps, envelopes, deeds, bills 

 of exchange et cetera, which are also engraved and printed in the establishment, 

 but makes all the Grovernmeut paper, it cannot be classed as a commercial under- 

 taking and is therefore merely mentioned here, especially as its description and 

 exhibits appear at the Columbian Exhibition at Chicago. 



The paper mill of Vargounine Bros, near St-Petersburg, is one of the best; it was 

 founded in 1840 and is called the Nevsky Mill. In 1878 it manufactured paper on three 

 continuous paper machines to the value of 812,000 roubles. In 1889 its production further 

 increased to 927,000 roubles and employed 367 hands. In 1891 the mill was altered 

 and enlarged ; a fourth paper-making machine was added and the number of hands in- 

 creased to 560; the total horse power was 800, and the mill was capable of produ- 

 cing 200,000 poods, that, is 3,233 tons of paper to the value of 1,500,000 roubles. 

 The mill has its own chapel, hospital, school for 60 children, reading room, sewing 

 class, lodging house for 500 men and a store. 



