74 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



250,000 roubles aud employs 450 hands. There is a school and also a hospital attached 

 to this mill. 



Among" the governments composing the second paper making district, that of 

 Kalouga is the most important. It contains nine mills, the motive power being gen- 

 erated bj' 11 turbines yielding 400 horse power and 19 steam engines giving 560 

 horse power fed by 16 boilers. The yearly production is 1,568,000 roubles and 1,639 

 hands are employed. The principal mills may be described as follows: Mr. Howard's 

 Troitsk-Konrovsk paper mill, founded in 1790 by Mr. Schepochkin in the 

 village of Kondrova on a very large scale. The business then passed into 

 the hands of Mr. Howard who developed it to such an extent that in 1858 there 

 were three mills in the villages of Kondrova and Troitska. Mr. Howard then turned 

 the affair into a Stock Company. The enterprise developed with such rapid strides 

 that from 1880 up to the present time the average yearly production has been about 

 1,500,000 roubles. These mills use cellulose of their own manufacture. Various qual- 

 ities of paper are made, but the principal item is 800,000 roubles worth of writing 

 paper. There are four paper-making machines and 15 steam engines, yielding 1,200 

 horse power and 2 water wheels of 30 horse power. There are two village schools, 

 one technical school and a hospital attached to the establishment. 



The seven paper mills of the government of Vladimir have 15 steam boilers 

 and 10 steam engines generating 292 horse power. The yearly production amounts 

 to 876,000 roubles and 719 hands are employed. The principal mills are that of Pro- 

 tasiev founded in 1861 containing 3 steam engines of 80 horse power, producing 

 60,000 pouds of writing and newspaper valued at 352,000 roubles; 315 men are em- 

 ployed, a school and hospital being attached to the mill; Sposobin's mill, founded in 

 1814, containing 2 steam engines of 40 horse power, producing 70,000 pouds of writ- 

 ing and other kinds of paper, valued at 420,000 roubles, and employing 252 men. 



In the government of Tver there are five paper mills with 5 hydraulic motors 

 of 110 horse power, 21 steam boilers and 13 steam engines generating 684 horse 

 power. The total production is 998,000 roubles and 1,018 hands are employed. 

 The government of Moscow contains 16 mills having altogether 13 steam boilers 

 and 11 steam engines giving 162 horse power. The yearly production is 472,000 roubles and 

 the number of workmen 727. The principal mill is Mr. M. Polivanov's Writing Paper 

 and Vegetable Parchment Company, established in 1874. It has two steam engines of 

 45 horse power, manufactures 50,000 reams of paper and 2,265 pouds of parchment; 

 the total production is valued at 232,000 roubles, the number of hands being 250. The 

 two mills in the government of Yaroslav have together 4 steam boilers and 10 steam 

 engines with an aggregate of 234 horse power. The value of the yearly production 

 averages 449,000 roubles and 491 men are regularly employed. The largest mill be- 

 longs to the Ouglitch Writing Paper Manufacturing Company, founded in 1735; the 

 [ilant includes 7 steam engines yielding 182 horse power. The yearly production 

 amounts to 74,500 pouds of printing, writing, wrapping paper and cardboard; the 

 value of this output is 410,000 roubles; 368 men are employed. The two mills in the 

 government of Pensa are supplied with motive power by 7 hydraulic motors genera- 

 ting 412 horse power, 5 steam boilers and 6 steam engines giving 80 horse power. 

 The yearly production is 528,000 roubles and the number of hands 640. The best 

 mill, founded in 1850, is owned by Sergeyev & Co., who manufacture 135,000 pouds 



