LEATHER GOODS. 85 



production ot tlic -il tanneries of this district was valued at 4,572,000 roubles and 

 they employed 1,514 men. The largest tanneries are in St. Petersburg- itself, that 

 of Brousnitzin & Sons ranking- first. This establishment was founded in 1S47. when 

 the output consisted of 4,000 hides valued at about 50,000 roubles: in 187S th« 

 production increased to 40,000 hides or 800,000 roubles per annum. Their g-oods 

 consist of thick boot sole leathers made of American pelts, belting and half- 

 dressed hides; and by adopting: the latest improvements in machinery and manufac- 

 turing- processes the present production has risen to 70,000 American and Circassian 

 liides for boo*, soles, belting and half-dressed hides, valued at 1,600,000 roubles. 

 Last year these works were considerably altered and enlarged to the capacity of 

 90,000 hides. The works possess 4 steam boilers, two 100 horse power steam engines, 

 as many as 1,100 various vats, many special machines and a fitting shop. They 

 are lighted by electricity, and employ 500 hands ; 450 are lodged free of charge 

 ia a model lodging house on the premises, a doctor being also provided. The work-' 

 men attend the classes of the Imperial Russian Technical Society, to which the owners 

 largely contribute. Ossipov's tannery was founded in 1857 ; it has one 20 horse 

 power steam engine and produces 50,000 boot sole and half-dressed hides to the 

 value of 722,000 roubles and employs 180 men. Paramonov's tannery, established in 

 1883, and has 2 steam pumps ; it produces 27,000 hides valued at 445.000 roubles 

 and employs 95 hands. 



In the central region, the Governments of Tver and especially that of Moscow 

 are most important. The total production of these two governments in 1889 was 

 5,520,000 roubles, and of this 3,792.000 fell to the share of the 52 tanneries in the 

 government of Moscow in which 2,770 men are employed, the remaining sum of 

 1,728.000 being the production of the 65 tanneries of the government of Tver, em- 

 ploying 1,222 men. The other governments of the central region contain very few 

 large tanneries. The principal Moscow firms are: 1. Alexis Vakhroushin & Sons, 

 established in 1834; it has one 20 horse power steam engine, dresses 259,000 goat- 

 skins, sheepskins, calfskins and bull hides valued at 694,000 roubles, and employs 

 560 men ; there is a free school on the premises for 200 pupils of both sexes. 



2. Michael Zhemochkin & Sons, founded in 1853, driven by one 12 horse power 

 steam engine, yearly production 18,800 boot sole, American, tanned and other hides 

 to the value of 478,000 roubles, 215 hands; a small hospital is attached to the works. 



3. John Shouvalov & Sons, established in 1830; it has two steahi engines yielding 35 

 horse power ; the yearly production is about 230,000 hides including a quantity of 

 sheepskin and kid morocco altogether valued at 400,000 roubles; 275 men are en- 

 gaged in these works. 4. Teal & Co. established in 1883, one 10 horse power steam 

 engine, turnover 27,510 boot soles, Russia leather and tanned hides worth 400,000 

 roubles, about 100 men employed. 5. Malkiel's tannery, founded in 1880, one 20 

 horse power steam engine, yearly production of 10,000 various hides worth 750,000 

 roubles, 150 men employed. 



These data show that the Moscow tanneries are not so large as those of St. 

 Petersburg, and in addition, that most of them tan smaller hides which fetch 

 lower prices. The leather trade of the government of Tver is intimately connected 

 with the shoemaking business, which is widely spread, both as a manufacturing and 

 as a village industry. The principal centres of the leather trade are the districts^ 



