96 MAXUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



4. 2[orocco. 



This niaj' be leather made of goatskin or sheepskin. Cfoatskin morocco was 

 formerly exported in large quantities to China, but the demand for it there has now 

 greatly decreased, and it is principally used for shoemaking in the interior of Eussia. 

 Goatskins are so strong and liard that a strong potash treatment is required to get 

 rid of the hair ; they are worked up with dog dung in a rotating cylinder, and 

 in tanned liquor. For tanning, the skins ai'fe sewn face outwards into bags, into which 

 the tanning liquor is poured and then covered with fine willow bark, arbute or 

 sumach. When tanned the skins are dyed, dried, pressed and rolled on grained 

 boards or else smoothed with stones, the grained quality being that used in China 

 Avhilst the smooth skins are used in Eussia. 



5. Ordinary morocco. 



This leather is usually made of sheepkins and lambskins, especially merino sheep- 

 skins. In order to avoid damaging the hair whilst removing it, lye sweating cham- 

 bers and jellies are used, and the morocco is tanned the same as soft leather and 

 then dyed and dressed. Sheepskin morocco is less durable than goatskin morocco 

 and is not suitable for shoemaking. 



6. Lambskins, common or merino. 



This quality is prepared in the same way as small, barren cow hides, and is 

 used for making gauntlets, women cheap shoes, and underwear. 



7. SheepsMns dressed in the wool. 



This leather is used for coats, jackets, collars and the like; it differs in the age and 

 breed of the animal and in the way of dressing. The tanned skins are the most highly 

 prized and the best are from the morlings and Eomanov sheep. 



II. Tawed leather. 



There are three varieties of tawed leather, the difference being in the processes 

 used in their manufacture ; namely, that treated with flour is called German curried 

 or Hungarian and Kalmuck tawed leather. This article may be manufactured from 

 sheepskins, lambskins, goatskins and calfskins; it has a certain advantage over tanned 

 leather in supporting a greater breaking strain and can therefore be used for belting 

 and harness, but as it is not waterproof it requires to be well greased. 



1. Flour treated tawed leather. 



This variety is a very popular article ; it is made by agitating the raw hide in 

 a warm mixture of rye flour and salt ; the hair is then removed and the hide treated 

 \vith flour and alum, after which it is repeatedly washed, dried and greased with 

 an unguent of seal fat, tar and tallow, and finally pressed and dried. 



