134 MANUFACTURES OF RUSSIA. 



I he interior pipe aud the coiiforl-a are welded out of slieet latten, and the requisite 

 term is given to them by means of hammers. The lids are mostly made at manufac- 

 tories where they are stamped under presses. Only in recent years, namely in the 

 beginning of the eighties, one of the local workmen invented a new method of man- 

 ufacturing the lid direct from the sheet by means of pressing it into a form attached 

 to the rotating spindle of a lathe, aud by using a special instrument called davilnik; 

 due to this new method it became possible for the kustar to manufacture all the 

 parts of the samovar. 



The total number of workmen engaged in the samovar industry in the abovi- 

 mentioned region amounts to several thousands, and the value of the production, be- 

 cause of the costliness of copper, attains to not less than 3,000,000 roubles. The Ser- 

 gievsk volost alone, near Tula, makes about 40,000 samovar bodies for the Tula 

 manufacturers. Finished samovars are packed by the dozen, which according to a 

 universal custom are of different sizes as follows: two samovars of 13 vershoks, (top 

 measurement) two of 16, two of 17, three of 14 and three of 15 vershocks. 



The samovar industry, as a domestic trade, exists also in the government of 

 Perm, in the district of the Syksunsk works which belong to the Crown. Here the 

 quantity of samovars produced yearly amounts to the sum of 85,000 roubles, besides 

 other copper utensils, the value of Avhich ranges from 20,000 to 25,000 roubles. This 

 household industry was organized here by the workmen from Tula, who at the end 

 of the past century came to work at the copper workshop established near the copper 

 foundry in the government of Perm. Later on as the copper veins were exhausted 

 this foundry was converted into iron works. Samovars are also made in one of the 

 largest fabrics in the town of Kirzhach, government of Vladimir, although its prin- 

 cipal production is of small brass mortars. In some parts of the governments of Ko- 

 stroma and Yaroslav samovars are also made, although in small quantities. 



The manufactui'e of copper utensils exists besides fabrics and domestic establish- 

 ments in all the towns in small workshops. Several years ago the making of copper 

 pans was moreover introduced in the metallic works belonging to a Joint Stock Com- 

 pany in St. Petersburg. Basins, trays and other similar articles in copper are pro- 

 duced in many foundries of which the largest are in the government of Vladimir. 

 These last articles are also made in large numbers, by peasants especially in the 

 Moscow government, where the domestic industry alone is valued at 750,000 roubles. 

 The total yearly production of copper utensils in Eussia is valued at about 7,000,000 

 roubles. 



Products in bronze, latten and other copper-zinc alloys, which belong to articles 

 of art, are fabricated in Eussia in very small quantities. However, this industry is 

 gradually developing, especially in large towns, where it is centralized in small estab- 

 lishments and shops which very often work for large houses. 



Owing to the former Eussian customhouse tariff the import of artistic bronze 

 was made very easy and that delayed much the organization of bronze works in 

 Eussia, Moreover, the rich classes of society during their frequent visits abroad pur- 

 chased all sorts of bronze articles and ornaments, as many as they needed, in foreign 

 countries, principally in France, which during the last and the beginning of the pre- 

 .sent century was the only supplier of bronze for the whole of Europe. 



The late Duke Maximilian Leuchtenbeyg established the artistic bronze industiy 



